Preverbal IO and DO

180 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE 257 no-gholi-ane rea he bought it with his blood 3sR-buy-itIO blood In this last case it is the definiteness shift that shows the indirect object function of the noun rea; compare 257 with 258, where rea is direct object: 258 ne-gholi-ane rea he bought blood for him 3sR-buy-him blood When the DO and the IO are both pronominal suffixes, they can only co-occur when the DO suffix is -e: 259 a-[m]oni-si-angko-e I will climb it for you 1sI-go.up-TR-you-it 260 a-k[um]adiu-anda-e I will wash them with it 1sI-wash-them-it This last example is surprising, since the IO suffix -anda clearly refers to the patient in the context. Apparently the combination of IO pronominal suffixes and the DO suffix -e allows for a wider interpretation, possibly because this is the only ordering that is allowed. Thus -anda-e and not -da- ane or -ane-da can mean it forwith them and they forwith it. For other examples and the shortening of -ane-e to -ane, see 4.8.

7.9.4. Preverbal IO and DO

When a full IO is present, it may be put in preverbal position for reasons of emphasis or point of perspective. In such cases the IO pronominal suffixes have to be used, and not the general IO suffix -ghoo: 261 gholi-no ne-gholi-ane mbololo with its price he bought a gong price-its 3sR-buy-it gong 262 Wa Ode Kambeano Mpatani a-rato-ane-mo Wa Ode Kambeano Mpatani 1sR-come-her-PF I have come with Wa Ode Kambeano Mpatani 263 o kapulu de-lako-ane sau with a machete one cuts wood ART machete 3pR-cut-it wood 264 oe aitu o-k[um]adiu-anda-e anahi-hi-mu water that 2sI-bath-them-it child-PLUR-your with that water you must bathe your children When a full direct object shifts to clause-initial position, the IO pronominal suffixes are also used, referring both to the DO and to the IO: 265 ndoro-ku a-tampoli-ane masina I sew my skirt on a machine skirt-my 1sR-sew-itIO machine 266 o dahu do-ghompa-ane kontu they threw a stone at the dog ART dog 3pR-throw-itIO stone 7 THE CLAUSE 181 Again, note the difference in the application of the definiteness shift: 267 a. o kapulu de-lako-ane sau with a machete one cuts wood ART machete 3pR-cut-it wood b. o sau do-lako-ane kapulu wood is cut with a machete ART wood 3pR-cut-itIO machete In 267a -ane only refers to the indirect object, whereas in 267b -ane refers to the preverbal direct object, while at the same time it marks the presence of a full IO NP. As is the case with DO see 7.3.3, indirect objects may also show object agreement. In other words, an IO pronominal suffix can be followed by a full IO, usually for reasons of clarification: 268 do-sambahea-ane-mo mate-no ini 3pR-recite.prayer-him-PF dead-A.PART this they recite a prayer for the dead man 269 no-lili-ane kenta anagha he went round with that fish 3sR-go.round-it fish that In certain cases, the full indirect object is put in a PP, in which case the pronominal suffix is still an indirect object, but the full NP is no longer so: 270 miina na-[m]ata-ane so ka-dadi-ha-ndo se-gholeo not 3sI-enough-it for NOM-live-HA-their one-day it was not enough for one days living Finally, similar to DO zero marking, there may be indirect object zero marking suppression when the IO referent is clearly established in the discourse. However, the verb is still suffixed with -ghoo in these cases: 271 ta-no-ghoro-ghoo kuli-no he just threw the banana skins JUST-3sR-throw-IO skin-its to him 272 bhawe-no no-to-towi-e maka no-dada-ghoo top.cord-his 3sR-RED-slice-it then 3sR-cook-IO the cord of his spinning top she sliced and then cooked for him 273 fo-omba-kanau hula-mu Ta-do-fo-omba-ghoo hula-no bheka IMP-CAUS-appear-me face-your JUST-3pR-CAUS-appear face-POS cat show me your face They just showed her the face of the cat

7.10. Temporal, locative and manner periphery