Derivations on numeral bases

5 THE NOMINAL PHRASE 113 b. wula po-paa April the fourth month month RED-four Ordinals do not exist in Muna. For first either bhaa-bhaano is used which is not a numeral but probably a participle or the adverb paka-paka. It is not clear how the ordinal concept of second third and so on is expressed in Muna. Nor do fractions exist, apart from se-tanga a half and se-wunta a half; a year and a half is se-taghu se-tanga. Finally, mention must be made of the increasing use of the Indonesian num- erals in Muna everyday speech. Some of these forms are partially adapted to the phonological shape of Muna; thus ampa four empat and ana six enam.

5.7.2. Derivations on numeral bases

The following derivations of the numerals exist. The first three are closely connected: 1. e- + prefixed numeral; meaning: period of ... days 10.2.3 These forms can only occur in combination with units of ten and the word - gha day a bound form of gholeo day. There is one irregularity: the bound form of two is not raa- in this case but -fua. ompulu-gha-e-fua twelve days ompulu-gha-e-tolu thirteen days ompulu-gha-e-fato fourteen days raa-fulu-gha-e-fitu twenty-seven days 2. The prefixed numerals can form the base of a verb which functions as a temporal adverb. These verbs belong to the ae-class and have a defective paradigm in that they are only inflected for the third person singular. For past reference x days ago the suffix -mo is added to the realis form, for future reference in x days the irrealis form is employed. Again -fua is the bound form of two in this series. With siua nine as base, the word -gha is needed. ne-fua-mo two days ago ne-tolu-mo three days ago ne-fato-mo four days ago ne-siua-gha-mo nine days ago nae-fua in two days nae-tolu in three days nae-fato in four days nae-alu in eight days nae-siua-gha in nine days When periods of ten or more days are constructed in this way, the forms under 1 are employed, with past reference suffixed by -mo and with future reference prefixed by na-. ompulu-gha-mo ten days ago ompulu-gha-e-fua-mo twelve days ago 114 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE raa-fulu-gha-e-alu-mo twenty-eight days ago na-ompulu-gha in ten days na-ompulu-gha-e-tolu in thirteen days na-tolu-fulu-gha-e-fitu in thirty-seven days 3. The prefixed numeral derivation with e- can also be reduplicated, resulting in a distributive meaning: every x days; these reduplicated structures can also be inflected as verbs ae-class, only third person singular realis. In faster speech there are vowel changes in the reduplicated syllable; the resulting vowel combination ee can again be reduced to a single vowel e: e-fu-efua e-fe-efua e-fe-fua every two days ne-fe-fua every two days ne-te-tolu every three days ne-fe-fato every four days 4. The suffix -ghoo is added to free or reduplicated forms meaning in the x-th place: se-ise-ghoo in the first place ru-dua-ghoo in the second place to-tolu-ghoo in the third place Finally, there are a number of unproductive derivations: 1. ka-se-ise unity se-ise one 2. pisa first cousin ise one ndua second cousin dua two ntolu third cousin tolu three These forms are abbreviations of longer forms: ntopisa first cousin, topendua second cousin and topentolu third cousin. In everyday speech these longer forms are rarely used. 3. i-tolu 1. ritual ceremony on the third day after someones death 2. period of three days i-fitu ritual ceremony on the seventh day after someones death 4. ne-riwu-no thousands of ne-moghono-no hundreds of ne-fulu-no tens of As a sample derivation of the numerals, the base four will be taken: paa four used in counting fato- four before classifiers and measure nouns -e-fato four days only in combination with units of ten and -gha ne-fato-mo four days ago nae-fato in four days e-fa-e-fato ~ e-fe-e-fato ~ e-fe-fato every four days 5 THE NOMINAL PHRASE 115 ne-fe-fato every four days po-paa four after units of ten po-paa-ghoo in the fourth place do-po-paa theywe are four

5.7.3. Derivations on measure-phrase bases