Marked by dependent conjunctions

250 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE 2. The prefix paka- 10.2.37 when first, when just, on verbal bases with nominal or verbal inflection indicates a temporal relationship between two states, or durative events in which the stateevent in the main clause takes place during the initial stages of the state denoted in the clause containing paka-. 141 paka-gaa-ndo sadhia do-pogira when they were just married, FIRST-marry-their always 3pR-fight they were always fighting 142 paka-mate-no no-bhari kahanda when he had just died, there FIRST-die-his 3sR-many ghost were many ghosts 143 paka-lente-no anahi aitu, naando no-saki ina-no FIRST-born-his child that be 3sR-sick mother-his just after the birth of the child, his mother was still ill This prefix is related to the temporal adverb paka-paka at first; ini- tially. 3. The prefix ta- 10.2.48 on verbal bases indicates an until clause. The verb is obligatorily suffixed with -mo, while the suffix -hi also frequently emerges. Clauses containing such ta-derivations may either precede or follow the main clause. 144 ta-no-ti-doli-mo gholeo miina da-r[um]ato kamokula-ndo UNTIL-3sR-ACC-turn-PF sun not 3pI-arrive parent-their until the sun set, their parents had not arrived 145 ne-late bhe awa-no ini-a ta-no-bhala-hi-mo 3sR-live with grandparent-his this-CL UNTIL-3sR-big-HI-PF until he was grown up he lived with his grandmother 146 ta-no-wule-mo buku-no miina nae-pooli oe UNTIL-3sR-tired-PF bone-her not 3sI-able water even until she was very tired, she still had not got any water

9.7.2. Marked by dependent conjunctions

1. One of the most common ways to mark temporal succession is through the use of the conjunction kaawu after. In a temporal clause containing kaawu the verb must take the initial position in the clause, immediately followed by kaawu. If a full subject is present, it must follow this kaawu. Again, the verb in the temporal clause cannot be, but the verb in the main clause must be, suffixed by -mo except after the adverb kansuru. 147 no-ko-labhi kaawu raa-taghu, ae-mbali-mo guru 3sR-HAVE-more after two-year 1sR-become-PF teacher after more than two years, I became a teacher 148 no-mate kaawu ghule amaitu, andoa do-si-suli-ha-mo 3sR-die after snake that they 3pR-SI-return-HA-PF when the snake was dead, they went home together 9 THE SENTENCE 251 149 no-rato kaawu we lambu-ndo ini, kansuru no-ghoro-e 3sR-arrive after loc house-their this at.once 3sR-throw.away-it kalangka-no ini basket-her this when she got home, she immediately threw her basket away 2. Temporal sequence is also marked by the conjunction maka then. The verb in the clause following maka cannot be suffixed with -mo: 150 no-ene-e-mo dahu maka no-fumaa 3sR-pick.up-it-PF dog then 3sR-eat the dog picked it up and ate it 151 no-ala-mo kapulu-no maka no-lobhi wughu-no 3sR-take-PF machete-his then 3sR-hit neck-his he took his machete and hit him on the neck 152 soba do-ala-e-ghoo maka da-t[um]isa try 1pR-take-it-PURP then 1pI-plant lets try to take it and then plant it When the reference is to a future succession of events, the use of maka implies that the second event will not take place unless the stateevent of the first clause has been realized: 153 na-r[um]ato kapala maka na-[m]ere not until the ship arrives 3sI-arrive ship then 3sI-leave will he leave 154 nae-fua maka na-s[um]uli he will only return the day 3sI-two then 3sI-return after tomorrow In such clauses referring to the future, the temporal clause preceding the conjunction maka may be marked with the futurity suffix -ho 10.2.13. This -ho may be suffixed to verbs, nouns and adverbs. Verbs must be in the realis: 155 o-pande-ho maka tiere po-guru 2sR-know-FUT then IMP-stop IMP-PO-learn when you know it, then stop learning 156 namaghuleo-ho maka a-[m]ago-e not until it is afternoon will afternoon-FUT then 1sI-cure-him I cure him 157 we ghabu-ho maka ao-maa I wont eat until later in the loc kitchen-FUT then 1sI-eat kitchen 3. The conjunction eano every time. The second clause is not marked by -mo because of the recurrent action: 158 eano no-tola, do-bhalo every time he called, they every 3sR-call 3pR-answer answered 252 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE 159 eano no-horo, sadhia no-fewule every time he flew, he took a every 3sR-fly always 3sR-rest rest 4. The conjunction kira-kira about to. This conjunction is frequently found together with the verb maho near, almost. It may also be found in combination with the conjunction kaawu: 160 kira-kira no-maho-mo na-r[um]ako-da, garaa no-tumbu-mo patu about 3sR-near-PF 3sI-catch-them SURPR 3sR-grow-PF bamboo when she was about to catch them, suddenly there grew a bamboo bush 161 kira-kira no-ko-hasili kaawu ka-fenembula-no, no-suli-mo tora about 3sR-HAVE-result after NOM-plant-his 3sR-return-PF again when his plant was about to bear fruit, she returned again 5. The conjunction sampe until possibly a borrowing from Indonesian sampai: 162 no-lobhi wughu-no ghule maitu sampe no-po-gunti 3sR-hit neck-POS snake that until 3sR-PO-cut he hit the neck of the snake until it was cut in two 163 ae-ngko-ngkora-mo kansuru sampe no-mentae 1sR-RED-sit-PF continually until 3sR-morning I sat there all the time until it became morning 6. The negator miina-ho not yet 8.5.1 can also function as a conjunction: 164 miina-ho na-kodoho no-kala, no-kolingku-mo mata-no not.yet 3sI-far 3sR-go 3sR-glance-PF eye-her she had not yet gone far when her eye fell on something 165 miina-ho na-r[um]ato potandingi-ha, o bhiku no-fo-rato not.yet 3sI-arrive compete-TEMP ART snail 3sR-CAUS-arrive bhe bhai-no kadeki with friend-his first before the time of the match had come, the snail first told his friends 7. The nominal conjunction wakutuu time. This noun a loan from Indonesian can function as a conjunction, in which case it is followed by a juxtaposed clause. Occasionally, the possessive suffix -no is added to wakutuu. 166 wakutuu no-lengka-e maitu garaa no-fewono-mo ka-buru-no time 3sR-open-it that SURPR 3sR-smell-PF NOM-stink-its when he opened it he smelled the stench 167 wakutuu-no no-horo-ane, garaa no-wora-e-mo dahu time-its 3sR-fly-it SURPR 3sR-see-him-PF dog when he flew with it, he was seen by a dog 8. A number of verbal conjunctions, such as: 9 THE SENTENCE 253 a. No-pada to finish; complete. May occur uninflected and in combination with kaawu. 168 no-pada no-fumaa ndoke, no-lodo-mo deki 3sR-finish 3sR-eat monkey 3sR-sleep-PF first when the monkey had finished eating, he first went to sleep 169 pada no-bisara peda anagha, ne-kansuru no-filei finish 3sR-speak like that 3sR-at.once 3sR-run.away after he had said that, he immediately ran away 170 pada kaawu no-wora-e, no-suli-mo finish after 3sR-see-it 3sR-return-PF when he had seen it, he went home b. No-lapasi go by, pass. Usually followed by a demonstrative or a time measure phrase; it may occur uninflected see 6.2.4. 171 no-lapasi se-ahadhi do-po-ghawa-mo tora 3sR-pass one-week 3pR-REC-get-PF again after one week they met again 172 lapasi i-tolu ta-hawo-mo after three days we ex moved pass I-three 1eR-move-PF c. Ne-laa straight. 173 o fari ini ne-laa do-wora A Paso-Paso Bhanggai, ART fairy this 3sR-straight 3pR-see ART Paso-Paso Bhanggai kansuru do-filei at.once 3pR-run.away as soon as the fairies saw Paso-Paso Bhanggai, they immediately ran away d. No-pooli able, get, obtain in certain fixed expressions. Kaawu can be added. 174 no-pooli no-rondo kansuru a-ere 3sR-get 3sR-dark at.once 1sR-leave when it got dark I left right away 175 no-pooli kaawu no-mentae, moghane-no ini-a no-kala-mo tora 3sR-get after 3sR-morning man-her this-CL 3sR-go-PF again the next morning her husband went again 176 no-pooli neewine no-mate-mo the next day she died 3sR-get next.day 3sR-die-PF e. No-rato to arrive; may be uninflected, even in the irrealis, in which case it has future reference. 254 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE 177 no-rato sabhangka-hi-no nagha do-wule do-po-kalalambu... 3sR-arrive friend-PLUR-her that 3pR-tired 3pR-PLAY-game when her friends were tired of playing games... 178 rato no-suli ne-tula-tula-mo bhe Wai-Wai arrive 3sR-return 3sR-RED-tell-PF with Wai-Wai when he came home, he chatted with Wai-Wai 179 r[um]ato o-mate, ome-mbali buea IRR.arrive 2sI-die 2sI-become crocodile when you die, you will become a crocodile

9.7.3. Marked by free conjunctions