Experiential clauses Copular clauses

7 THE CLAUSE 169 152 nada hamadi so na-gh[um]awa-e-ghoo anoa kenta topa IRR.like which FUT 3sI-get-it-PURP he fish dry how he could get the dried fish

7.4. Experiential clauses

The experiential clause is formally a subtype of the transitive clause. The verb in an experiential clause has a defective paradigm: it is obligatorily marked by a third person singular subject and a pronominal direct object designating the experiencer. Experiential verbs typically refer to involuntary states or processes connected with the body see 4.8.1. 153 no-rengku-kanau I am shivering cold 3sR-shiver-me 154 no-rengku-e he is shivering 3sR-shiver-him 155 no-tongko-e she is choking; 3sR-choke-her she swallows the wrong way 156 no-ghudehi-da they feel the urge to relieve 3sR-feel.urge-them themselves These and the following verbs functioning in experiential clauses can also occur as intransitive verbs, in which case the subject marks the experiencer. There is no difference in meaning: 157 a. ao-sodo I am hot with fever; I have 1sR-hot a temperature b. no-sodo-kanau I am hot 3sR-hot-me 158 a. ao-redu I am shivering from fever 1sR-shiver b. no-redu-kanau I am shivering 3sR-shiver-me The intransitive verb rato arrive also occurs in experiential clauses, meaning to suffer from, be struck by: 159 a. no-rato-e ka-roko he is suffering from sharp 3sR-arrive-him NOM-sharp internal pains b. no-rato-kanau wula I am having my period 3sR-arrive-me moonmonth

7.5. Copular clauses

There is one clause type of which the base is a verb that can take two arguments: a subject and a complement. The second argument cannot be called 170 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE an object, since a full NP cannot be replaced by a direct or indirect object pronominal suffix, hence the name complement. These verbs may be called copular verbs; they include: mbali become, be ko-labhi be more than Examples: 160 inodi ae-mbali guru honoro I becamewas an honorary = I 1sR-become teacher honour unpaid teacher 161 ta-kolabhi lima-fulu there are more than fifty of 1eR-be.more five-ten us ex 162 a-bhiku-a-bhiku ne-mbali-mo kadadi Snail became an animal RED-ART-snail 3sR-become-PF animal The order is not necessarily S-V-Complement; the subject may also follow the rest of the clause: 163 no-wolo ne-mbali sangku we-wei-ha-mu 3sR-finish 3sR-become forest RED-clear-LOC-your everything you have cleared has become forest again Frequently a clause containing a form of mbali is found closely attached to a preceding noun, pronoun or pronominal suffix, in which case it may lose its subject marker and become a deverbal preposition for see 6.2.4: 164 ne-ghondo-hi karuku ne-mbali kaago 3sR-look-TR herbs 3sR-become medicine he looked for herbs to becometo be used as medicine 165 da-s[um]angke-e nae-mbali kolaki-no ghoti 3pI-appoint-him 3sI-become leader-POS food they will appoint him to becomeas leader of the food 166 do-mooru kapa ka-tisa-ndo wuto-ndo mbali bheta-ndo 3pR-weave cotton NOM-plant-their own-their for sarong-their they wove the cotton they had planted themselves for their sarongs

7.6. Equative clauses