312 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE
With nasal accretion: no-para-mpodea
shout repeatedly podea
shout no-para-mpeena
ask all the time feena
ask also: no-para-mfeena
no-para-mponi climb all the time
foni climb
no-para-nsuli return all the time
suli return
no-para-mpilei run away all the time
filei run away
also: no-para-mfilei b. Base is a reduplicated verb:
no-para-tongka-tongka vomit repeatedly tongka
vomit no-para-ghae-ghae
whimper, blubber ghae
cry c. Base is a bound derived verb:
no-para-ngko-dea show various shades of
dea red
red no-para-ngko-kuni
show various shades of kuni
yellow yellow
2. Base is a stative verb; the prefix para- alternates with mara-; in both cases there is nasal accretion. The meaning is idiosyncratic.
no-para-mpute pale
pute white
no-mara-mpute no-para-ntalea
lie bare ntalea
light no-mara-ntalea
Further derivation: ka-para-ghae-ghae
someone who always whimpers, blubberer
10.2.39. PE-
Prefix on measure phrase bases or numeral verbs. With measure phrases in obligatory combination with na- see 5.7.3; numeral verbs must be in the
irrealis. Meaning: approximately. Productive.
na-pe-raa-gholeo-mo about two days ago
raa- two
gholeo day
na-pe-se-riwu rofa about 1,000 fathom
se-riwu thousand
rofa fathom
da-pe-tolu-fulu they are about thirty
tolu-fulu thirty
10.2.40. PIKI-
Verbal prefix on verbal bases; a-class, resistant to -um-. Meaning: early, soon, quickly the speed refers to the timing of the action or state denoted
by the verb, not to the speed with which it is performed. The derived verb retains the transitivity status of the basic verb. Productive.
10 DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY 313
a. Base is a simple verb: no-piki-suli
he returned soon suli
return no-piki-rato
he arrived early rato
arrive With ao-verbs the class affix -mo- occurs:
no-piki-mo-lodo he slept quickly
lodo sleep
b. Base is a derived verb: no-piki-ko-ghua
he is early bald at a young age ko-ghua bald; have a bald spot ghua bald
spot no-piki-fe-buri
he soon ordered to write fe-buri order to write buri write
Further derivation: piki-kala-no
the ones that went early
10.2.41. PO-
1. Verbal prefix on verbal or nominal bases; a-class, resistant to -um-,
intransitive. Affixed with -ghoo and indirect object inflection to signal different semantic functions see 7.9.1 and 8.4. Meaning: several
different meanings can be distinguished, but a component of more than one involved seems to be a common denominator.
A. Meaning reciprocal see 8.4. Productive. a. Base is a simple transitive verb; plural subjects have dual reference;
singular subject possible with optional argument in bhe phrase: do-po-intara
they 2 hold each other intara
hold do-po-tudu
they 2 order each other tudu order
Idiosyncratic meaning: do-po-ala
they 2 take each other; ala
take they 2 are married
no-po-ghawa he meets
ghawa get
do-po-gaa they 2 separate
gaa marry
Po-ghawa meet is sometimes treated as an ae-verb, apparently because the relationship with ghawa is no longer felt. As an ae-verb, it may
undergo the definiteness shift, in which case the p- undergoes nasal substitution: nae-poghawa he will meet; na-[m]oghawa-e he will meet
her.
b. Base is a reduplicated verb; only with plural inflection having plural non-dual reference:
314 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE
do-po-tumbu-tumbu they hit each other
tumbu hit
do-po-dhandi-dhandi they promise each other
dhandi promise
do-po-owi-owili they give each other a
owili give a
also: do-po-owo-owili message message
c. Base is a complex verb; class affixes surface with ao-verbs: do-po-fo-guru
they 2 teach each other fo-guru teach guru teacher
do-po-pali-ki they 2 visit each other
pali-ki visit pali veer, turn aside do-po-mo-ghae-fi
they 2 bewail each other. ghae-fi bewail, cry for ghae cry
B. Non-reciprocal meanings. Singular or plural inflection: a. Base is a noun. Meaning: to play X game or instrument, to celebrate.
no-po-kalalambu play a game
kalalambu game,toy
no-po-ase play ase
ase k.o.game
no-po-foli play volleyball
foli volleyball
no-po-mbololo play the gong
mbololo gong
no-po-alo keep a vigil after
alo night
someones death no-po-i-fitu
keep a vigil the seventh i-fitu
seventh night after someones
night death
b. Base is a simple verb. Meaning: in parts, broken; or: connected. The reference is dual.
no-po-gunti cut in two
gunti cut
no-po-kuta broken in two pieces
kuta break
no-po-losa be connected with
losa penetrate,
arrive no-po-sobho
be mixed with sobho
mix no-po-tai
be connected, bound tai
stick together
no-po-hala be different
hala wrong
no-po-owa be carried along by the
owa bring
stream no-po-tubhari
to increase intr tubhari
add When the base is a reduplicated verb, or when the derivation is
reduplicated, the reference is non-dual plural: no-po-gasa-gasa
scattered, smashed gasa-gasa
scatter tr
no-po-tai-tai be connected, bound
tai stick
together c. Base is a noun simple, reduplicated or compound. Meanings are
idiosyncratic: no-po-sabhangka
be friends with sabhangka
friend
10 DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY 315
no-po-bhai accompany
bhai companion
no-po-anahi-bhai be friends with
anahi-bhai friend no-po-kantawu
be gathered together kantawu
heap no-po-turu
leak turu
drip no-po-ulea
carryhave a load ulea
load no-po-guru
learn guru
teacher d. Base is a bound root; included are a number of communication verbs:
no-po-dea shout
no-po-gau speak, say
no-po-kamunti whisper
no-po-gira fight
no-po-lele bring news; also: ne-fo-lele spread news
no-po-sintuwu ready, prepared; also: ne-fo-sintuwu finish, make
ready no-po-toto
be the same e. Base is a compound verb:
no-po-mai-nsuli commute
mai come
suli return
C. po- occurs in combination with other affixes not to be confused with further derivations or complex bases. Unproductive.
a. With -Ci: do-po-hunda-pi
agree with each other hunda
agree do-hunda-pi, do-po-hunda
do-po-kodoho-pi far away from each other
kodoho far
no-po-ndawu-ti fall many items
ndawu fall
no-po-gaga-i quarrel, disagree
gaga deny
b. With ta- until and the auxiliary suffixes -ghoo and -mo. Class affixes surface with ao-verbs. Meaning: until.
ta-no-po-mate-ghoo-mo until he died
mate die, dead
ta-no-po-gaa-ghoo-mo until he married
gaa marry
ta-no-po-mo-lodo-ghoo-mo until he fell asleep lodo sleep
c. With class affixes idiomatic: do-po-me-taa
wethey have a good taa
good relationship
do-po-mo-dai wethey have a bad
dai bad
relationship d. With -ha:
po-ai-ha one who is a younger
ai younger
sibling sibling
po-isa-ha one who is an older
isa older
sibling sibling
po-sora-ha neighbour
sora approach
316 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE
Further derivations: paka-po-gira-ndo
when they 2 first started fighting po-gira fight
do-si-po-dea-ha they 2 shout together
po-dea shout ne-po-kamunti-ghoo-ndo what they 2 whispered
po-kamunti whisper 2.
Nominal prefix. Base is a simple or complex verb. Unproductive. po-wura
vision, view, sight wura
see po-tandai
memory tandai
remember po-fetingke
hearing fetingke hear
po-nami-si feeling
nami-si feel
nami taste
po-diu character
diu move
10.2.42. POKA- + REDUPLICATION
