7 THE CLAUSE 175
b. o pae no-nale laa-no
a rice stalk is weak ART rice 3sR-weak stalk-its
209a is a neutral statement which does not presuppose any previous discourse knowledge. 209b, on the other hand, presents pae as the established topic of
discourse, about which something is said, namely that its stalk is weak. The corresponding clause type in Indonesian is termed topic-comment sentence by
Macdonald 1976. Other examples:
210 A Titibholo ini, no-mate-mo ama-no bhe ina-no ART Titibholo this 3sR-die-PF father-his with mother-his
Titibholos father and mother had died 211 a-bhiku no-ti-hoba-mo kadada-no
ART-snail 3sR-ACC-spill-PF vegetable-his Snails vegetables were spilled
212 wamba Inggirisi ini, no-po-hala ka-basa-no bhe ka-buri-no language English this 3sR-REC-wrong NOM-read-its with NOM-write-its
the spelling and the pronunciation of English differ from each other 213 kamokula-hi-no no-bhela-mo lalo-ndo
parent-PLUR-her 3sR-wounded-PF heart-their her parents were very sad
This fronting of a dependent NP can even occur when the NP is carried over two verbs:
214 fato-fulu-gha kahitela amaitu-ini miina-ho na-[m]ada-e four-ten-day maize that not.yet 3sI-finish-it
no-fumaa-e bhake-no 3sR-eat-it fruit-its
in forty days he had not yet finished eating the fruit of that maize
7.9. Indirect object extensions
A basic clause can be further extended with non-nuclear arguments that give extra information about the state of affairs described in the basic predicate.
Some of these non-nuclear arguments refer to place and time of the action, to be discussed in 7.10. In this section I will deal with those arguments that can
be expressed through indirect object pronominal suffixes as discussed in 4.8. These arguments will therefore be called indirect objects IO, but note that
this is a syntactic notion. Semantically an indirect object may express such functions as beneficiary and recipient, but also instrument and reason.
In the following discussion, subdivisions are made according to the full nominal or pronominal suffix character of both direct object DO and IO.
7.9.1. Full indirect objects
When the IO is a full NP, the verb is suffixed with -ghoo, a suffix that signals the presence of an IO see 10.2.10. Examples of indirect objects on
176 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE
both transitive and intransitive verbs with a subdivision according to their semantic function:
a. Beneficiary:
215 ae-gholi-ghoo ina-ku o pae I buy rice for my mother
1sR-buy-IO mother-my ART rice 216 do-dhoa-ghoo mate-no ini
they pray for the dead man 3pR-pray-IO die-A.PART this
217 ae-ala-ghoo ai-ku na-se-tonde 1sI-get-IO younger.sibling-my FUT-one-glass
I will get my younger brother another glass Beneficiaries are also found in prepositional phrases headed by so for
see 6.2.2. b. Recipient:
218 ne-owa-ghoo ama-ku kenta she brought my father some fish
3sR-bring-IO father-my fish 219 de-pakatu-ghoo awa-ku sura
they sent my grandmother a 3pR-send-IO grandparent-my letter letter
220 ne-kapuuna-ghoo-mo robhine-no he told his wife
3sR-tell-IO-PF woman-his Recipients also occur after the preposition ne see 6.1.3.
c. Instrument:
221 ae-ghome-ghoo sabo I wash with soap
1sR-wash-IO soap 222 no-suli-ghoo motoro
he went home by motorbike 3sR-return-IO motorbike
223 ome-tampoli-ghoo lima? do you sew by hand?
2sR-sew-IO hand d. Reason:
224 do-mate-ghoo ka-gharo they died of hunger
3pR-die-IO NOM-hungry 225 a-rugi-ghoo ka-pudhi-no dahu
I suffer a loss because of 1sR-lose-IO NOM-praise-POS dog
the dogs praises 226 lela-no na-ti-buna-ghoo-mo ka-wule
tongue-his 3sI-ACC-pull.out-IO-PF NOM-tired his tongue was hanging out with exhaustion lit. his tongue was
to be pulled out with exhaustion
7 THE CLAUSE 177
e. Referent: 227 do-bisara-ghoo anahi-hi-ndo
they were talking about their 3pR-speak-IO child-PLUR-their
children 228 ae-tula-tula-ghoo monifi-ku
I will tell about my dream 1sR-RED-tell-IO dream-my
229 do-po-kamunti-ghoo-mo kolope they were whispering about
3pR-REC-whisper-IO-PF wild.cassava the wild cassava f. Comitative:
230 no-horo-ghoo Wa Ode Kambea Mpatani te lani 3sR-fly-IO Wa Ode Kambea Mpatani loc sky
he flew with Wa Ode Kambea Mpatani in the air 231 miina dae-rato-ghoo fonoti
they did not come home with not 3pI-arrive-IO shellfish
shellfish 232 no-suli-ghoo Wa Ode Ana we lambu-do
3sR-return-IO Wa Ode Ana loc house-their he returned with Wa Ode Ana to their house
Comitatives are also found after the preposition bhe with see 6.2.1. g. Following a po-derivation 10.2.41. Verbs prefixed by po- are intransitive.
When an extra argument is added to the predicate, either the preposition bhe with is used see 6.2.1, or the verb is suffixed with -ghoo. The semantic
roles vary with the meaning of the verb:
233 a-po-guru-ghoo wamba Wuna I am learning Muna
1sR-PO-learn-IO language Muna 234 a-po-ghawa-ghoo anoa
I met him 1sR-REC-get-IO he
235 do-po-hala-ti-ghoo robhine they were quarrelling about a
3pR-REC-wrong-TR-IO woman woman
236 do-po-sobo-ghoo oe-no Wulamoni bhe oe sigaahano 3pR-REC-mix-IO water-POS Wulamoni with water other
they mixed the water from Wulamoni with other water Sometimes the semantic function is not easily stated:
237 ae-uji-ghoo wamba Malau I took a test in Indonesian
1sR-test-IO language Malay
7.9.2. Oblique indirect objects
