Additive Surprisive Derivational morphology 275

256 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE the preceding part. In this case, it cannot be called a conjunction, and the translation only; must is appropriate. 193 ane a-fo-ago idi-a tabeano korondo-ha if 1sR-DETR-cure I-CL unless dark-TEMP if I cure people it must be dark I only cure when it is dark 194 tabea da-k[um]ala we liwu-ndo bhai-ndo unless 1pI-go loc village-POS friend-their we must go to the villages of other people 195 ka-naando-ha-no foo dhanggi tabea we tehi Tingkulu NOM-be-LOC-POS mango dhanggi unless loc sea Tingkulu the only place where there is dhanggi-mango is the Tingkulu sea 4. Mingkinomo nevertheless, yet: 196 do-ghele-ane no-foni; mingkinomo no-foni 3pR-forbid-him 3sR-go.up nevertheless 3sR-go.up they forbade him to go up; yet he went up

9.9. Additive

The conjunction pakade moreover; in addition introduces an additive clause that provides extra information. Often the adverb dua is added to pakade. 197 no-wule-mo sepaliha; pakade no-wora gholeo ne-panda-mo dua 3sR-tired-PF very moreover 3sR-see sun 3sR-low-PF also she was very tired and moreover she saw that the sun was already low 198 Bula Siku no-waa-kanau karadhaa ae-rabu-ane bhara-no adhara-no; Bula Siku 3sR-give-me work 1sI-make-him stable-POS horse-his pakade dua a-gh[um]ondo-hi-ane ringgi-no awa-no moreover also 1sI-look-TR-him coin-POS grandparent-his Bula Siku has given me the task to make a stable for his horse; in addition I have to find him his grandfathers coin 199 o ihi ka-bhala-hi, pakade dhangku ART content NOM-big-PLUR moreover beard its contents are big; moreover it has got a beard = thorny hair

9.10. Surprisive

The conjunction garaa alternant garaahano introduces a surprisive clause, that is, information which is unexpected at that point in the discourse. This may involve a simple expectancy reversal as in I thought A, but it turned out that B or, more frequently, in narrative discourse, where the 9 THE SENTENCE 257 next stateevent falls outside the logical and cultural rules of what can be expected. 200 soo-ku ihintu mie-no Kanada, garaa o Walanda thought-my you person-POS Canada SURPR ART Holland I thought you were Canadian, but you are Dutch 201 no-kala-mo no-maho-ti-e; garaa miina nae-wora hae-hae 3sR-go-PF 3sR-near-TR-it SURPR not 3sR-see RED-what she approached it, but did not see anything 202 no-wora kaawu wewi ini, garaa o wewi maitu 3sR-see after pig this SURPR ART pig that ta-no-si-ka-bisara-ha-mo TA-3sR-SI-KA-speak-HA-PF when he saw the pig, the pig suddenly began to speak Garaa often functions as a free conjunction introducing new sentences in narratives. In this respect it is similar to pasino and then, the difference being that garaa has the extra overtones of unexpectedness but then. Certain less experienced story-tellers tend to overuse it, thereby reducing these overtones. The demonstratives ini and itu can follow this conjunction see also 5.5.6; garaa ini has future reference, while garaa itu refers to the past. 203 garaa ini, niho-mo o-k[um]ala-mo? well, are you leaving only now? SURPR this just-PF 2sI-go-PF 204 amba-no na-r[um]ato rambi ompulu, garaa itu no-rato rambi word-his 3sI-arrive blow ten SURPR that 3sR-arrive blow raa-mata-mo two-eye-PF he had said he would arrive at ten oclock, but he came at two

9.11. Conclusive