Partial reduplication Supernumerary reduplication

328 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE tula-tula story hole-hole cookies, cakes compare ne-hole to fry C. Base is a question word. Meaning is distributive. hae-hae whatever, anything hae what laha-lahae whoever, anybody lahae who seha-sehae however much sehae how much also in miina seha-sehae not long afterwards; after some time neha-nehamai wherever nehamai where naefie-fie whenever, anytime naefie when fut also naefefie, naefie-naefie D. Base is a measure phrase. Meaning: distributive; the prefixed numeral is part of the base. se-gho-se-gholeo every day se-gholeo one day se-mi-se-mie everyone, one by one se-mie one person se-pa-se-paku now and then se-paku once tolu-tolu-wula every three months tolu-wula three months E. Base is a classifier. Only in combination with the prefixed numeral se- one and the suffix -no. Meaning: the only one: se-mie-mie-no the only one people mie person se-ghulu-ghulu-no the only one animals ghulu body se-wua-wua-no the only one certain wua fruit objects F. Reduplication is found in a number of adverbs and conjunctions, mostly with bound roots. sio-sio-mo hopefully mansa-mansangea hopefully paka-paka initially paka- when first, 9.7.1 and 10.2.37 panda-panda-no finally panda bottom ingke-ingke-ho as if kau-kau-no-mo look like also kau-kau-mo bhaa-bhaa-no at first, in the beginning kira-kira about to

10.3.2. Partial reduplication

Partial reduplication, that is, the repetition of the first syllable of the root, is not a productive process. Contrary to full reduplication, the verb remains in the class to which the basic verb belongs, and the derivation is amenable to -um-. Partial reduplication is almost exclusively found on simple verbal roots and denotes an ongoing, progressive aspect. The syllable that is reduplicated receives an optional extra vowel copy in some derivations. When verbs allow for partial reduplication, full reduplication is often also possible, but used with varying degrees of naturalness. In the case of mpona long, full reduplication does not occur. 10 DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY 329 ne-ngkoo-ngkora sitting ngkora sit down ne-mpa-mpali strolling about mpali stroll ne-ndo-ndole lying down ndole lie down ne-gho-ghondo watching, looking at ghondo look at ne-ke-kebha tapping a tree kebha tap ne-bho-bhogha chopping bhogha chop no-le-leu rather withered leu wither no-mpoo-mpona rather long mpona long With a number of derivations specialized meanings have developed: no-gho-ghosa rough ghosa strong ne-di-diu disturb, annoy, bother diu move ne-tu-tunggu guard, watch, wait tunggu guard no-ro-rondo dark rondo dark, night With certain verbs the vowel in the reduplicated syllable is o: ne-lo-lako cutting lako cut ne-ko-kape tearing off branches kape tear off no-go-gasa smashed gasa-gasa scatter This is also the case in the question word ho-hae whatever more common: hae-hae Partial reduplication on bound roots: ne-gho-ghora urinate no-tu-turu fall down eyes, be sleepy Further derivation: we-wei-ha cleared area in forest wei clear forest

10.3.3. Supernumerary reduplication

Supernumerary reduplication, that is, the repetition of more than two syllables of the base, is a very limited process that only occurs productively with personified nouns that have been affixed with the article la or a: a-ndoke-a-ndoke Mr. Monkey ndoke monkey a-bhiku-a-bhiku Mr. Snail bhiku snail La-uale-la-uale La Uale It is also found in the question word naefie-naefie whenever more common: naefie-fie, naefefie.

10.4. Compounding and incorporation