184 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE
286 kamokula-hi-no tigho do-ghae parent-PLUR-her all.the.time 3pR-cry
her parents were crying all the time 287 ihintu-umu madaho tala-amu ne wiwi-no sala
you-PLUR later IMP-row-PLUR loc side-POS road you pl must stand in a row at the roadside
288 kenta ka-ghawa-no sadhia miina na-bhari-a fish NOM-get-his always not 3sI-many-CL
he never caught many fish Not all temporals can occur in every possible position, however. The following
five temporals were tried out in different positions in a clause:
ani-ini just now, recently
indewi yesterday
tolu wula ka-ompona-no for three months
sadhia always
tantigho all the time
These five temporals were inserted in the numbered positions in the following clause:
1 2 3 4 5 isa-ku ne-gholi roti we daoa
brother-my 3sR-buy bread loc market my brother buysbought bread in the market
The results were as follows: 1 2 3 4 5
aniini x x ? x x
indewi x x x x
tolu wula kaomponano x x x
sadhia x x x
tantigho x
x = possible = impossible
= possible, but change of meaning the temporal is seen to be part of the locative; for example, three months residence in the market
? = questionable This suggests that temporals may belong to different subclasses defined on the
basis of their possible position in the clause. Such a subclassification, however, still remains to be worked out.
7.10.2. Locative periphery
In Chapter 6 the prepositional phrase was analysed and the various prepo- sitions, including the locative prepositions, were discussed and illustrated.
Here I will only discuss the locative periphery in terms of its position
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within the clause. Usually, the locative periphery is found in clause-final position:
289 ama-ku ne-ngkora ne soriri-ku my father sat down by my side
father-my 3sR-sit loc side-my 290 no-tei-e welo soronga
he put her in a box 3sR-put-her in box
291 o kadondo ne-nta-ntade te wawo-no wata ART woodpecker 3sR-RED-stand loc top-POS log
the woodpecker stood on a log Occasionally it may be found in initial position. This may be the case when a
location is introduced in an existential clause or for reasons of emphasis or surprise:
292 ne tatu naando se-ghulu ghule there is a snake over there
loc that be one-CLAS snake 293 we wiwi-no tehi naando liwu kae-late-ha-no La Ware-ware-lima
loc side-POS sea be land NOM-live-LOC-POS ART RED-broad-hand the village where Mr. Broadhand lived was by the sea
294 garaa we panda-no ghoti no-wora-mo kaedeha maitu SURPR loc bottom-POS rice 3sR-see-PF faeces that
then under the rice he saw the faeces
7.10.3. Manner periphery
The manner periphery deserves special attention as it may be formed through a derivational process. If the manner in which a certain state of affairs is
carried out is to be expressed explicitly, there are two possibilities. First, a manner verb is simply juxtaposed either before or after the main
verb:
295 ne-rimba no-tende he runs fast
3sR-fast 3sR-run 296 a-kala ae-luntu-luntu
I go slowly 1sR-go 1sR-RED-slow
For more discussion of juxtaposition, see 9.2.1. Alternatively, a manner adverbial is formed on the basis of a stative
intransitive verb. The derivational prefix for manner adverbials is feka- 10.2.5:
297 a-tende feka-rimba I run fast
1sR-run ADV-fast 298 inodi o ka-pongke; feka-ghosa bisara
I ART NOM-deaf ADV-hard IMP-speak I am deaf, speak clearly
186 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE
299 tirisangi feka-taa strain it well
IMP-strain ADV-good Note that there is a slight difference of meaning between the use of a
juxtaposed manner verb and a manner adverbial. The latter implies more energy and willpower on the part of the performer of the action.
If the verbal base is reduplicated with feka-, the meaning is intensified:
300 no-sia-e feka-tangka-tangka katogha 3sR-bite-it ADV-RED-firm crow
the crow held it very firmly in his beak 301 no-horo feka-rimba-rimba
he flew as fast as possible 3sR-fly ADV-RED-fast
302 mo-pilo feka-tugha-tugha close your eyes very tightly
IMP-close.eyes ADV-RED-hard 303 no-bisara-mo dahu feka-bhala-bhala
the dog spoke very loudly 3sR-speak-PF dog ADV-RED-big
As can be seen, the manner adverbial normally follows the verb, but in the imperative it may also precede the verb.
Frequently, such a manner adverbial is inflected like a verb, that is, it is prefixed by the subject markers from class a-. The resulting construction is
again a juxtaposition of a manner verb to a main verb:
304 no-feka-rimba kamokula-no Tongkuno ne-tudu se-mie na-s[um]ampu 3sR-ADV-fast elder-POS Tongkuno 3sR-order one-man 3sI-go.down
quickly the elder of Tongkuno ordered somebody to go down 305 ne-lagu-mo no-feka-bhala-bhala Wadhe Kokanda
3sR-sing-PF 3sR-ADV-RED-big Wadhe Kokanda Wadhe Kokanda sang very loudly
306 a-k[um]ala a-g[um]ampi welo karuku a-[m]eka-kodo-kodoho 1sI-go 1sI-move in forest 1sI-ADV-RED-far
I will go far away in the forest These feka-derivations may even receive pronominal direct object suffixes. In
such cases, however, it is not always easy to distinguish between an inflected manner adverbial and a factitive derivation with feka- see 8.2.1 which is
juxtaposed to the preceding verb.
307 a-dh[um]aga-ni-e a-[m]eka-taa-taa-e 1sI-guard-TR-it 1sI-ADVFACT-RED-good-it
I will guard it very well 308 de-seli-ane kantoba do-feka-ndalo-ndalo-e
3pR-dig-her hole 3pR-ADVFACT-RED-deep-it they dug a very deep hole for her
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7.10.4. Combinations of peripheries
