10 DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY 287
moghono-ha-no one of a hundred
moghono hundred
lima-fulu-ha-no one of fifty
lima-fulu fifty
for instance coins, paper money b. Base is a simple verb; the meaning is locative, temporal or partitive:
me-ntalea-ha-no light place, outside
ntalea light
mo-ndeli-ha-no slippery place
ndeli slippery
mo-lino-ha-no quiet place
lino quiet
t[um]oka-ha-no part which is ready
toka ready
mo-dai-ha-no part which is broken
dai broken
With divergent meaning: so me-taa-ha-no
the best way taa
good c. Base is a derived verb often a ko-derived intransitive verb, which is
-um-resistant: ko-oe-ha-no
place with water oe
water ko-ghule-ha-no
place with a snake ghule
snake ko-kontu-kontu-ha-no
place with many stones kontu
stone 3.
-ha is a predicative suffix on demonstrative bases, which receive obligatory object-inflection see 4.8.1 and 5.5.8:
aini-ha-kanau here I am
aini this
awatu-ha-e there it is
awatu that
4. In combination with -no, -ha occurs in certain adverbs and conjunctions.
Often forms without -ha-no also exist. dadi-ha-no
so, therefore dadi
so maka-ha-no
then maka
then tamaka-ha-no
but tamaka
but garaa-ha-no
then SURPR garaa
then SURPR
tabea-ha-no unless, except
tabea unless
rampa-ha-no because
rampa-no because
labhi-ha-no better
labhi more
also: labhi-ha-ku better
tala-ha-no actually
sabutu-ha-no as a result, therefore
pali-ha-no whereas, while
10.2.12. -HI
1. Suffix on nominal bases indicating explicit plurality andor diversity
simple nouns can have both singular and plural reference. Productive. a. Base is a simple noun:
288 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE
sau-hi trees
sau tree
bhai-hi friends
bhai friend
sikola-hi schools
sikola school
b. Base is a reduplicated noun; the emphasis is on diversity: sau-sau-hi
all kinds of trees sau
tree nea-nea-hi
various names nea
name c. Base is a complex noun:
ka-lambu-lambu-hi small houses
ka-lambu-lambu small house lambu house kontu ka-rubu-hi small stones
ka-rubu smallness rubu small Double occurrence of -hi is found with some human nouns:
isa-hi-hi older siblings
isa older
sibling ai-hi-hi
younger siblings ai
younger sibling
With divergent meanings: ana
child ana-hi
1. a.child b.children 2.wife
ana-hi-hi 1.children
2.wives 2.
Pluralizing suffix on the pluralizer ndo see 5.6.5: ndo-hi anagha
those ndo-hi aini
these 3.
Suffix on verbal bases, with some variety of meanings. This -hi is not to be confused with -hi as an allomorph of -Ci 10.2.16. This usage is
productive. The following meaning aspects can be distinguished:
a. Plurality of the subject or the object or both: do-rubu-hi
they are all small rubu
small do-pande-hi
they are all clever pande
clever do-fumaa-hi
they all ate fumaa
eat no-ali-hi-e-mo
he took it all out ali
take out no-waa-hi-ane-mo he gave it all to her
waa give
no-wora-hi-da he saw them all
wora see
Subject plurality is common with participles: mate-hi-no
those who have died mate
die fo-ato-hi-no
those that accompanied ato
accompany uspeople
10 DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY 289
t[um]isa-hi-no those that are sowing
tisa sow
ru-dua-hi-no the two of them
ru-dua two
b. The action or state denoted by the verb is one of a longer series for example, an enumeration in a description; with action verbs the use of
-hi implies that more was done: ne-ware-hi
it is broad ware
broad among other things
ne-kunde-hi she washed her hair
kunde wash hair
among other things c. The suffix softens the intensity or degree of a stative intransitive
verb. The resulting meaning is rather, somewhat. ne-taa-hi
rather good, OK taa
good no-rubu-hi
rather small rubu
small ne-langke-hi
rather tall langke
tall This is also possible on derived bases:
no-mba-wanta-wanta-hi rather long no-mba-wanta-wanta rather long wanta long
d. It indicates a leisurely action or state, performed without specific purpose. Since that usually implies some duration, the suffix -hi in this
sense is frequently found in combination with reduplication: ne-mpali-mpali-hi stroll about, walk
mpali stroll
around ne-ngko-ngkora-hi sit down relaxed
ngkora sit
no-fewule-hi take a rest
fewule rest
It is not always easy to determine which meaning aspect is foregrounded in a given discourse. The following utterances are ambiguous:
do-fumaa-hi 1. they all eat
2. they eat among other things 3. they eat at their leisure
no-kesa-hi 1. it is beautiful among other things
2. it is rather beautiful 4. -hi is found on other bases:
miina-hi certainly not
miina not
pada-hi after many different
pada after
things 5. -hi is found in combination with other affixes:
a. The prefix feka- 10.2.5; -hi does not markedly affect the meaning, though it possibly softens the factitive somewhat:
ne-feka-nggela-hi to make rather? clean nggela
clean ne-feka-rubu-hi
to make rather? small rubu
small
290 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE
b. The prefix ta- until 10.2.48: ta-no-bhala-hi-mo until he was big
bhala big
ta-no-mate-hi-mo until she died mate
die
10.2.13. -HO
