-MANA MANSI- + REDUPLICATION MANSO- MBA- + REDUPLICATION

10 DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY 303 10.2.23. KO + REDUPLICATION Nominal affix-combination on verbal bases with obligatory possessive inflection. Meaning: to continue to be in the stateaction denoted by the verb. Depending on the context, this stateaction may just have started or may have been going on for some time. This derivation is always juxtaposed to a main verb. The base is a simple verb. The derivation is productive. ko-wanu-wanu-ku I woke up and remained wanu wake up awake; while I remained awake ko-ghosa-ghosa-no he recovered and remained ghosa healthy healthy; while he stayed strong healthy ko-lodo-lodo-no he fell asleep and lodo sleep remained asleep; while he remained asleep ko-kala-kala-ndo they went away and kala go continued to go; while they were going

10.2.24. -MANA

Verbal suffix on verbal bases. Meaning: adhortative plural; see -ana 10.2.1 for adhortative singular. For adhortatives see 8.8. The subject is always first person inclusive. Productive. a. Base is simple verb: do-fumaa-mana let us eat fumaa eat de-bhotu-mana let us break bhotu break do-leni-mana let us swim leni swim b. Base is a complex verb: do-po-gaa-mana let us separate po-gaa separate gaa marry also: do-po-gaa-ti-mana do-foni-si-e-mana let us climb it foni-si climb foni go up do-fo-suli-ane-mana let us return it to him fo-suli return tr suli return intr 10.2.25. MANSI- + REDUPLICATION Verbal affix-combination on nominal bases; a-class, blocked for -um-. Meaning: a statement about the existence of a certain number of objects. Depending on the context, this number can be more than expected quite a few or less than expected only a few. The auxiliary prefixes ta- expectancy reversal and the perfective -mo are normally present. The subject must be third person, singular for non-animate and plural for animate referents. The derivation seems to be productive. 304 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE ta-do-mansi-ghulu-ghulu-mo there were quite a few animals; there were only a few animals ghulu classifier for animals ta-no-mansi-ghonu-ghonu-mo there are quite a few items; there are only a few items ghonu classifier ta-do-mansi-tandu-tandu-mo there were quite a few horns; there were only a few horns = buffaloes tandu horn

10.2.26. MANSO-

Verbal prefix on verbal bases; a-class, blocked for -um-. Meaning: often, habitually. The derivation characterizes persons or objects. Base is a simple intransitive verb; transitive verbs cannot be the basis of this derivation. Productive. no-manso-ghae he often cries ghae cry no-manso-bisara he talks a lot bisara speak no-manso-limpu he is forgetful limpu forget no-manso-dai it often breaks down dai broken no-manso-saki he is often ill saki ill also: no-mana-nsaki 10.2.27. MBA- + REDUPLICATION Verbal affix-combination on verbal bases; a-class, blocked for -um-. Meaning: rather. Productive. Base: stative intransitive verb. a. no-mba-hali-hali rather difficult hali difficult no-mba-kodo-kodoho rather far kodoho far no-mba-lolu-lolu rather stupid lolu stupid no-mba-bhari-bhari rather many bhari many In some peoples speech mba- is in free variation with ma-: no-mba-wanta-wanta rather long wanta long Further derivations: mba-langke-langke-no one that is rather tall langke tall no-mba-wanta-wanta-hi they are all rather long wanta long b. Uninflected, this derivation functions as an adverb, especially in certain fixed expressions, such as the first example. no-tumbu mba-leu-leu it withers lit. it tumbu grow grows witheringly leu wither no-tende mba-rimba-rimba he ran rather fast tende run rimba fast 10 DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY 305

10.2.28. ME-, MO-