-HA Affixes and affix-combinations

286 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE

10.2.11. -HA

1. Nominal suffix on verbal bases, indicating location, time and manner. Productive. a. Base is a simple verb: fumaa-ha meal time fumaa eat wawe-ha turn in game wawe turn karadhaa-ha working time karadhaa work rompu-ha formal meeting rompu come together dodo-ha cutting place, neck dodo cut rabu-ha way to make rabu make fekiri-ha way to think fekiri think Notice the following idiosyncratic meanings, some of which are obligatorily possessed: tunu-ha food yams heated tunu burn in ashes and hot stones ala-ha-no his property ala take wura-ha-no seemingly, look wura see ghulu-ha-no meaning, sense ghulu go toward b. Base is a complex verb especially po-derivations: po-guru-ha learning time po-guru learn po-tandingi-ha timeplace of the match po-tandingi compete po-sora-ha neighbour po-sora near each other c. Base is a measure phrase, consisting of a numeral and a deverbal measure noun; the meaning is temporal. The resulting noun can function as a temporal adverb see 7.10.1. se-tofa-ha in one blow tofa hit ra-kala-ha in two trips kala go se-pilo-ha in one blink pilo blink d. Base is a reduplicated verb which is obligatorily possessed. The meaning is durative: keep, continue to; still. Although the derivation is a noun, the most natural translation is verbal or clausal. hende-hende-ha-no it keeps growing hende grow ere-ere-ha-ndo they are still standing ere stand lodo-lodo-ha-mu you kept sleeping lodo sleep ntai-ntai-ha-no it is still hanging ntai hang 2. The suffix -ha occurs in combination with the active participle of simple or derived verbs -um--no, me--no, mo--no. The resulting meaning is either partitive, temporal or locative. a. Base is a numeral verb. The meaning is partitive. Numeral verbs are resistent to -um-, hence only the suffix -no occurs. 10 DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY 287 moghono-ha-no one of a hundred moghono hundred lima-fulu-ha-no one of fifty lima-fulu fifty for instance coins, paper money b. Base is a simple verb; the meaning is locative, temporal or partitive: me-ntalea-ha-no light place, outside ntalea light mo-ndeli-ha-no slippery place ndeli slippery mo-lino-ha-no quiet place lino quiet t[um]oka-ha-no part which is ready toka ready mo-dai-ha-no part which is broken dai broken With divergent meaning: so me-taa-ha-no the best way taa good c. Base is a derived verb often a ko-derived intransitive verb, which is -um-resistant: ko-oe-ha-no place with water oe water ko-ghule-ha-no place with a snake ghule snake ko-kontu-kontu-ha-no place with many stones kontu stone 3. -ha is a predicative suffix on demonstrative bases, which receive obligatory object-inflection see 4.8.1 and 5.5.8: aini-ha-kanau here I am aini this awatu-ha-e there it is awatu that 4. In combination with -no, -ha occurs in certain adverbs and conjunctions. Often forms without -ha-no also exist. dadi-ha-no so, therefore dadi so maka-ha-no then maka then tamaka-ha-no but tamaka but garaa-ha-no then SURPR garaa then SURPR tabea-ha-no unless, except tabea unless rampa-ha-no because rampa-no because labhi-ha-no better labhi more also: labhi-ha-ku better tala-ha-no actually sabutu-ha-no as a result, therefore pali-ha-no whereas, while

10.2.12. -HI