244 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE
101 ne-hali-ghoo-mo na-po-gunti-ghoo laa anagha 3sR-wish-IO-PF 3sI-PO-cut-PURP river that
he wished to cross the river
9.2.4. Clauses juxtaposed to NPs
Certain clauses are directly juxtaposed to NPs. A primary division must be made between independent and dependent clauses, based on the relation of the clause
to the NP. Independent clauses function as the predicate of an equative clause of which
the subject is an NP. The NP and the juxtaposed clause are on the same level; this is a special type of the equative clause. The subject NPs of such equative
clauses belong to a limited set of obligatorily possessed nouns indicating speech or mental states and processes and a few others such as karadhaa work:
102 gau-no mpuu ta-nao-ndawu-mo kenta topa desire-his really TA-3sI-fall-PF fish dry
he really wished that the dried fish would fall 103 soo-ku lahae mai-no rambi tolu-mata itu
thought-my who come-A.PART blow three-eye that I thought: who might come at three oclock?
104 patudhu-ku a-[m]esua we sikola my purpose was to go to school
purpose-my 1sI-enter loc school 105 karadhaa-no ne-kabua kenta
his work is to catch fish work-his 3sR-catch fish
Some of these nouns may also follow the juxtaposed clause. This is especially common with amba-no his word; he said see 9.20. In one example the subject-
noun namisi feeling is found inside the predicate clause, which itself is also complex:
106 ingka pe nao-hali namisi-ku dae-ghondo-hi ENIM FUT.not 3sI-difficult feeling-my 1pI-look-TR
it seems to me that it wont be hard to search Dependent juxtaposed clauses allow for possible subdivisions:
a. Relative juxtaposed clauses. These clauses are not formally marked as
relative clauses, as they lack participles but have fully inflected verb forms instead. Semantically, however, they also narrow down the range of
possible referents of the domain noun. These juxtaposed relative clauses are especially common after NPs that are the argument of the existential verb
naando be. It is always possible to replace the fully inflected form by an active participle.
107 a. naando se-mie moghane no-kala welo katugha be one-CLAS man 3sR-go in forest
there was a man who went into the forest
9 THE SENTENCE 245
b. naando se-mie moghane k[um]ala-no welo katugha be one-CLAS man go-A.PART in forest
there was a man who went into the forest 108 naando se-mie hadhi no-gaa bhe ana-no
be one-CLAS haji 3sR-marry with child-his there was a haji who had married his child
109 naando se-pele sau mo-kesa-no ne-lame-lame we be one-CLAS wood -beautiful-A.PART 3sR-RED-lie loc
se-mbali-ha-no wata one-side-HA-POS log
there was a beautiful piece of wood lying beside a log Other examples are also found, in which the relativized noun is the
subject, the object or a dependent NP within the juxtaposed clause. There is no intonation break between the head noun and the clause:
110 no-po-ghawa-ghoo kamokula ne-katuko no-mai-ghoo no-hulo 3sR-REC-get-IO old 3sR-stick 3sR-come-IO 3sR-hunt
she met an old man with a stick who had been hunting 111 ne-ghawa-mo se-ghulu kenta no-rapa-mo ka-bhala-no
3sR-get-PF one-CLAS fish 3sR-enorm-PF NOM-big-its he got an extremely big fish
112 tamaka ne-mbali-mo kontu do-kona-e Bahutara but 3sR-become-PF stone 3pR-call-it Bahutara
but it became a stone which is called Bahutara Finally, a juxtaposed relative clause may follow the noun sabhabu-no the
reason; the conjunction sampe until, so that may introduce the clause: 113 o hae sabhabu-no sampe do-kiido da-poguru?
ART what reason-its until 3pR-refuse 3pI-learn what is the reason that they refuse to learn?
b. Appositive juxtaposed clauses, in which the clause states the content of the head noun. Such nouns include bhirita news, tula-tula story, ka-
bhalo answer: 114 ta-no-naando-mo bhirita de-faraluu guru
TA-3sR-be-PF news 3pR-need teacher suddenly there came the news that they needed teachers
115 ka-bhalo-no miina-mo na-ko-doi miina a-[m]arasaea NOM-answer-his no.more 3sI-HAVE-money not 1sI-believe
his answer that he did not have any money left I did not believe c. Content juxtaposed clauses, linked to an exclamatory clause of which the
head is a deverbal noun see 7.7:
246 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE
116 ka-bhala-no maka soso-no kenta topa no-fumaa-e-mo dahu NOM-big-POS EMPH regret-his fish dry 3sR-eat-it-PF dog
how sorry he was his dried fish had been eaten by the dog 117 ka-bhela-no lalo-no o mie da-s[um]umbele-e kaasi
NOM-wounded-POS heart-POS ART person 3sI-slaughter-her pity how sad the people were they were going to slaughter her, poor thing
d. Others, in which the semantic relationship between the head noun and the juxtaposed clause varies, although some sort of dependency is involved:
118 no-ala-mo dawu-no de-pansa he took his share of the
3sR-take-PF part-his 3sR-fish fishing
119 guru-mu ome-afa? guru-ku a-ngadhi teacher-your 2sR-do.what teacher-my 1sR-recite
what does he teach you? He teaches me to recite the Quran 120 patudhu-no no-kala ini na-[m]ealai
purpose-his 3sR-go this 3sI-ask.permission the purpose of his going was to ask permission to leave
121 ne-bhasi-ane-mo sabhangka-no so bhai-no na-k[um]ala ini 3sR-call-him-PF friend-his for friend-his 3sI-go this
she called one of his friends for him to be a companion during his journey
9.3. Conjoining: introduction
