Concessive Reason Derivational morphology 275

9 THE SENTENCE 261

9.14. Concessive

Concessive clauses, indicating frustrated expectation, are introduced by the conjunction mahingga although, even though. Concessive clauses may precede or follow the main clause and occasionally even occur within the main clause following the subject. 227 do-kala-ana de-kapihi mahingga da-r[um]ato we tehi Tingkulu 1pR-go-ADH 1pR-search although 1pI-arrive loc sea Tingkulu let us go and search, even though we may arrive at the Tingkulu sea 228 mahingga de-tula-tula-ane miina na-[m]arasaea although 3pR-RED-tell-him not 3sI-believe although they told him, he did not believe it 229 noafa kulitoto amaitu, mahingga do-ghompa-ane kontu miina why dry.leaves that although 3pR-throw-IOit stone not na-ti-kambisa-a? 3sI-ACC-scatter-CL why are those dry leaves not scattered, even though one throws stones at them? When the concessive clause contains a numeral, the prefix ti- variant te-, 10.2.50 precedes that numeral. Its function is to stress the unexpected outcome as muchmany as. 230 mahingga ti-nomo-taghu-mo no-po-guru wamba Inggirisi although TI-six-year-PF 3sR-PO-learn language English miina-ho na-[m]ande not.yet 3sI-know although he has studied English for as many as six years, he still cannot speak it 231 mahingga ti-tolu-piri no-fumaa, miina nao-wehi although TI-three-plate 3sR-eat not 3sI-full although he has eaten as much as three platesful, he is not full Finally, mahingga is followed by question words such as peda hae peda hamadi how and ne hamai where to mean however that be and wherever: 232 mahingga na-[m]eda hamadi a-[m]angkafi-e monifi-ku although 3sI-like where 1sI-follow-it dream-my whatever may happen, I will follow my dream 233 tangkanomo na-k[um]apihi-e kansuru mahingga ne hamai in.short 3sI-search-it continually although loc where in short, she would go on looking for it, wherever she had to go 262 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE

9.15. Reason

Clauses indicating reason are introduced by one of the following conjunctions: rampano variant rampahano, masamo, kapaa rampano, all meaning because. Especially rampahano is very frequently used. It can either precede or follow the reason clause. In addition, the conjunctive noun sabhabu-no lit. its reason also means because. Finally, dhorohano because can serve as a conjunction followed by an NP because of. 234 miina na-k[um]ala we sikola rampahano no-saki not 3sI-go loc school because 3sR-sick he has not gone to school because he is ill 235 miina-mo ao-lodo-a, masamo ntigho a-feki-fekiri monifi-ku no.more 1sI-sleep-CL because always 1sR-RED-think dream-my I did not sleep any more, because I was constantly pondering about my dream 236 madaho tora do-tubhari, sabhabu-no o alo ini no-bhala-mo later again 1pR-add reason-its ART night this 3sR-big-PF later we may add again, because it is already late tonight 237 miina na-[m]oni telo lambu, no-tehi rampahano not 3sI-go.up in house 3sR-afraid because he did not enter the house because he was afraid 238 ne-tisa-ndo ghonu-no, kapaa ne-kona-ndo bhake-no P.PART-plant-their seed-its because P.PART-call-their fruit-POS wute sau ini no-mba-wanta-wanta, no-ko-ghonu-ghonu we lalo yam wood this 3sR-RATHER-RED-long 3sR-HAVE-RED-seed loc inside they planted its seeds, because this so-called wood-yam was rather long and had many seeds inside 239 kapaa rampahano ka-bhala-no lalo-ndo da-ko-harasia ini because because NOM-big-POS heart-their 3pI-HAVE-secret this do-kala-mo de-kapihi bhake-no foo 3pR-go-PF 3pR-search fruit-POS mango because they really wanted to have a child, they went to look for a mango fruit 240 dhorohano ka-ware-no lima-no se-kidha mata oe welo because NOM-broad-POS hand-his one-wink eye water in bhangka-ndo no-kele-mo boat-their 3sR-dry-PF because of his broad hands, the boat was dry in a wink There is a special type of reason-result-clause connection in which the result is a nominalized clause, indicated by the circumfix ka--ha 10.2.18 on the verbal base. The negator is pata see 8.5.3. 9 THE SENTENCE 263 241 ka-mai-ha-ku ne Bandu ini rampano bhe isa-ku NOM-come-REAS-my loc Bandung this because be older.sibling-my the reason that I have come here to Bandung is because my brother is here 242 ka-ti-kona-ha-no wite-no Wuna rampano do-wora kontu NOM-ACC-call-REAS-POS land-POS Wuna because 3pR-see stone ko-wuna-no HAVE-flower-A.PART the reason the land is called Wuna = flower is because they saw a stone with flowers on it 243 pata kao-lodo-ha-ndo morondo rampano no-rindi siaghe NEG NOM-sleep-REAS-their last.night because 3sR-cold too the reason they did not sleep last night is because it was too cold When the result is presented in a new sentence, with the reason preceding in the previous sentence, the perfective suffix -mo is added to the nominalization. If the negator pata is present, -mo is suffixed there. 244 kansuru no-punda ne suo. Ka-mate-ha-no-mo at.once 3sR-jump loc bamboo.trap NOM-die-REAS-his-PF at once he jumped into the bamboo trap. And that is the reason he died 245 Pata-mo ka-pande-ha-ndo anahi-hi do-wamba Inggirisi NEG-PF NOM-know-REAS-their child-PLUR 3pR-language English and that is the reason the children do not speak English

9.16. Manner