Factitives Causatives on dynamic intransitive bases

198 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE 3. causatives on transitive bases marked by fo-; 4. locutional causatives on transitive bases marked by fe-. This last construction is in some ways deviant from true causatives.

8.2.1. Factitives

A factitive derivation on a stative intransitive verbal base is marked by the prefix feka- 10.2.5 on the verb. All factitive derivations belong to the ae- class, irrespective of the verb class membership of the basic underived verb first person subject markers again untranslated: ao-nggela be clean ae-feka-nggela clean a-mate die, be dead ae-feka-mate kill ae-ware broad ae-feka-ware broaden ao-ghosa hard, strong ae-feka-ghosa harden The causee is expressed as a direct object, as shown by the use of the direct object pronominal suffixes. Definite objects trigger the definiteness shift: 15ae-feka-nggela karete I am cleaning the yard 1sR-FACT-clean yard 16 a-feka-nggela-e I am cleaning it 1sR-FACT-clean-it 17 feka-rimba bhengkala-mu quicken your pace IMP-FACT-fast step-your 18 ome-feka-mate manu you killed a chicken 2sR-FACT-die chicken The basis of such a feka-derivation may also be a reduplicated verbal base, or a base to which is added the suffix -hi. In the latter case the meaning of the resultant state is possibly softened: 19 ina-ku no-feka-bhala-bhala galu-no mother-my 3sR-FACT-RED-big field-her my mother has made her field much bigger 20 feka-roko-roko-e make it very sharp IMP-FACT-RED-sharp-it 21 no-feka-lalesa-hi-e he made it rather? wide 3sR-FACT-wide-PLUR-it 22 do-feka-laa-hi sau amaitu they made the stick rather? 3pR-FACT-straight-PLUR stick that straight

8.2.2. Causatives on dynamic intransitive bases

The second causative construction is made on the basis of dynamic intransitive verbal bases and is marked by the prefix fo- 10.2.6, which again pulls all the derived verbs into the ae-class. The meaning of the resulting causatives has a wide range: it varies from a permissive causative let to a direct causative, and in addition it may also imply a moment of speech that is, a 8 CLAUSAL MODIFICATIONS 199 locutional causative. Only in a few cases have I tried to show these ranges of meaning in the translation. a-futaa laugh ae-fo-futaa let laugh, make laugh a-suli return, go home ae-fo-suli return tr, give back, bring back ao-lodo sleep ae-fo-lodo make sleep, put to bed ae-ngkora sit ae-fo-ngkora make sit, put down In this case the causee is also expressed as a direct object, which may trigger the definiteness shift. Examples in clauses: 23 ae-fo-suli kantalea I return the lamp 1sR-CAUS-return lamp 24 miina da-[m]o-sampu-e ne hale they did not put her down on not 3pI-CAUS-go.down-her loc floor the floor 25 a-[m]o-wula-ko, maka wula 1sI-CAUS-open.eyes-you then IMP-open.eyes if I order you to open your eyes, then open your eyes 26 miina nao-mpona, do-fo-kawi-da-mo not 3sR-long 3pR-CAUS-marry-them-PF not long afterwards, they were married As is the case with underived transitive verbs, an indirect object pronominal suffix may be added to these causative derivations, indicating typical IO functions: 27 ae-fo-suli-angko se-riwu I return rp 1,000 to you 1sR-CAUS-return-you one-thousand 28 ne-fo-ngkora-ane se-piri she put a plate before him 3sR-CAUS-sit-him one-plate for his benefit As was demonstrated in 7.9.3, the indirect object pronominal suffixes also serve to mark a direct object pronoun followed by a full indirect object. This is glossed IOhim, IOyou and so on. In such cases the definiteness shift is triggered: 29 a-fo-lodo-angko tula-tula I send you to sleep by means 1sR-CAUS-sleep-IOyou story of a story

8.2.3. Causatives on transitive bases