9 THE SENTENCE 257
next stateevent falls outside the logical and cultural rules of what can be expected.
200 soo-ku ihintu mie-no Kanada, garaa o Walanda thought-my you person-POS Canada SURPR ART Holland
I thought you were Canadian, but you are Dutch 201 no-kala-mo no-maho-ti-e; garaa miina nae-wora hae-hae
3sR-go-PF 3sR-near-TR-it SURPR not 3sR-see RED-what she approached it, but did not see anything
202 no-wora kaawu wewi ini, garaa o wewi maitu 3sR-see after pig this SURPR ART pig that
ta-no-si-ka-bisara-ha-mo TA-3sR-SI-KA-speak-HA-PF
when he saw the pig, the pig suddenly began to speak Garaa often functions as a free conjunction introducing new sentences in
narratives. In this respect it is similar to pasino and then, the difference being that garaa has the extra overtones of unexpectedness but then.
Certain less experienced story-tellers tend to overuse it, thereby reducing these overtones.
The demonstratives ini and itu can follow this conjunction see also 5.5.6; garaa ini has future reference, while garaa itu refers to the past.
203 garaa ini, niho-mo o-k[um]ala-mo? well, are you leaving only now?
SURPR this just-PF 2sI-go-PF 204 amba-no na-r[um]ato rambi ompulu, garaa itu no-rato rambi
word-his 3sI-arrive blow ten SURPR that 3sR-arrive blow raa-mata-mo
two-eye-PF he had said he would arrive at ten oclock, but he came at two
9.11. Conclusive
The conjunctions dadi so, consequently variant dadihanomo, tangkanomo in short, to sum it up and sabutuhano because of that, as as result, introduce
conclusive clauses. These are free conjunctions.
205 niho dua a-tanda a-fo-fo-guru; dadihanomo naando dua just also 1sR-begin 1sR-DETR-CAUS-learn so be also
a-ka-mpade-mpade-ane welo a-fo-fo-guru 1sR-KA-RED-desire-it in 1sR-DETR-CAUS-learn
I had just begun to teach, so I still enjoyed teaching
258 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE
206 miina-mo bhe ka-se-ise; tangkanomo ntigho-mo kaawu do-po-gira-gira no.more be NOM-RED-one in.short always-PF only 3pR-REC-RED-fight
there was no more unity, in short, they were always quarrelling with each other
207 a-rato ne ini garaa no-mamara-ki-kanau isa-ku; 1sR-arrive loc this SURP 3sR-angry-TR-me older.sibling-my
sabutuhano ka-lea-no lalo-ku as.a.result NOM-painful-POS heart-my
when I arrived here my brother was angry at me; as a result I was very sad
9.12. Clarificatory
The conjunctive noun maana-no that is to say lit. its meaning may serve to introduce a clarificatory clause:
208 aitu-e-mo so ne-sangke; maana-no aitu-a na-ti-bharaki, that-EM-PF FUT P.PART-appoint meaning-its that-CL 3sI-ACC-love
na-ti-mo-tehi 3sI-ACC-CA-fear
he will be the leader, in other words, he will be loved and be feared
9.13. Conditional
Conditional clauses, both real and unreal, are introduced by ane if. Such conditional clauses may refer to the present, the past, the future or to a
generic situation. An alternative for ane is barangka if. Sometimes the two are found together. In conditional clauses both the realis and the irrealis
mood is found. It is not yet clear which factors determine that choice.
209 ane o-h[um]unda na-[m]eda aini, madaho a-[m]oni-si-e inodi if 2sI-agree 3sI-like this later 1sI-go.up-TR-it I
kalei tatu banana that
if you agree to this, I will climb that banana tree 210 ane da-[m]ekiri-e, no-bhie sepaliha karadhaa-ku
if 3pI-think-it 3sR-heavy very work-my come to think of it, my work was very heavy
211 barangka no-ala kenta-hi-no, ne-gholi-ane kahitela if 3sR-popular fish-PLUR-his 3sR-buy-it maize
when his fish sold well, he would buy maize with it
9 THE SENTENCE 259
212 barangka ane miina nao-ala, miina dao-maa dua se-gholeo if if not 3sI-popular not 3pI-eat also one-day
when it did not sell well, they would not eat one day The main clause may simply consist of the question word peda hae how. This
construction is used for suggestions or new ideas.
213 peda hae ane da-t[um]angkahi deki? how about eating first? like what if 1pI-eat first
Real and unreal conditionals are not distinguished: 214 ane na-r[um]ato kapala, a-k[um]ala we Jakarta
if 3sI-arrive ship 1sI-go loc Jakarta 1. when athe ship comes, I will to to Jakarta
2. if a ship would come, I would go to Jakarta Similarly, negative real and counterfactual conditionals both take the negator
papaise:
215 ane pa na-mai kapala, pa a-k[um]ala if FUT.not 3sI-come ship FUT.not 1sI-go
1. if the ship wont come, I wont go 2. if the ship hadnt come, I wouldnt have gone
Other examples of negative counterfactuals see also 8.5.2: 216 ane paise, pa a-po-ghawa bhe ama-ku
if FUT.not FUT.not 1sI-REC-get with father-my if not, I would not have met my father
217 ane pa o ka-bhore-bhore ini-a, o hae dua so if FUT.not ART DIM-RED-stupid this-CL ART what also for
nae-owa-ghoo kalangka? 3sI-bring-PURP basket
if she were not stupid, why would she have brought a basket? rhetorical question stressing the stupidity of the action
The complex conjunction sa-paesa-paise means if not and is equivalent to ane pa. The main clause is sometimes introduced by the preposition ampa 6.2.3.
218 na-mamara-ki-e-mo kolakino liwu sa-pae na-ti-wora 3sI-angry-TR-him-PF ruler village IF-FUT.not 3sI-ACC-see
karada-no maitu spear-his that
the ruler of the village will be angry at him, if his spear is not visible = does not turn up
260 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE
219 sa-paise na-[m]eda aitu tabea pae-mo da-k[um]aradhaa IF-FUT.not 3sI-like that unless FUT.no-more 3pI-work
if that is not the case, one must no longer work 220 sa-pae o-t[um]oka-e bhara-no adhara-ku na-se-gholeo ampa
IF-FUT.not 2sI-complete-it stable-POS horse-my FUT-one-day until a-[m]eka-mate-ko
1sI-CAUS-die-you if you have not finished the stable for my horse in one day, I
will kill you The conjunction ane has some other, aberrant, usages.
1. A kind of topic marker, as for compare Indonesian kalau:
221 ane inodi, da-s[um]angke o pae if I 1pI-appoint ART rice
as far as I am concerned, we will appoint the rice 222 ane fekiri-ku idi, andoa maitu o robhine-hi
if thought-my I they that ART woman-PLUR it seems to me that they are women
2. A marker in unconditional imaginative clauses, if only: 223 ka-mbaka-no kenta topa anagha Ane maka so inodi
NOM-nice-POS fish dry that if EMPH for I how nice that dried fish is If only it were for me
The conjunction barangka also functions as a free conjunction introducing a conclusive clause: then, in that case.
224 amba-no ndoke: Barangka a-[m]unda ne watu word-POS monkey then 1sI-jump loc that
the monkey said: In that case I will jump over there Another conjunction introducing conditional clauses is sumano sometimes
suffixed with -mo if only, provided that:
225 aitu sumano-mo o-runsa-kanau madaho ae-salo-angko ne Ompu now if.only-PF 2sR-let.go-me later 1sI-ask-you loc God
o-ko-ana-ghoo mo-kesa-no 2sI-HAVE-child-IO -beautiful-A.PART
now if only you let me go, I will ask God for you that you will have a beautiful child
226 madaho tora do-tubhari, sumano bhe ka-ghosa bhe ka-tolala later again 1pR-add if.only be NOM-strong with NOM-opportune
later we will add again, provided we have strength and opportunity
9 THE SENTENCE 261
9.14. Concessive
