KA- + REDUPLICATION Affixes and affix-combinations

10 DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY 299 10.2.19. KA- + REDUPLICATION 1. Nominal affix-combination. Mostly on nominal bases. Meaning: diminutive. a. Base is a simple noun. Productive: ka-kontu-kontu small stone kontu stone ka-wale-wale small hut wale hut ka-tomba-tomba small basket tomba basket ka-kabha-kabhawo hill kabhawo mountain With divergent meanings: ka-lima-lima 1.pickpocket lima hand 2.hand rail ka-wela-wela 1.small cockatoo wela cockatoo 2.roasted unripe banana ka-ghuse-ghuse k.o. plant ghuse rain With vowel contraction: kana-ana, kanana baby ana child b. Base is a reduplicated noun; in this case there is no extra reduplication, only ka- is prefixed: ka-kuhu-kuhuti little owl kuhu-kuhuti owl c. Base is a bound root: ka-bua-bua girl age 12-15 ka-puu-puu k.o. flute d. Base is a stative intransitive verb; unproductive: ka-kamo-kamokula small old person kamokula old ka-lolu-lolu idiot lolu stupid 2. Verbal affix-combination; a-class, amenable to -um-. Unproductive. a. Base is a stative intransitive verb; meaning softens the quality of the verb, rather: no-ka-lolu-lolu rather stupid lolu stupid no-ka-pongke-pongke rather deaf pongke deaf no-ka-rombu-rombu rather fat rombu fat no-ka-kodo-kodoho rather far kodoho far no-ka-meko-meko rather sweet meko sweet also: no-ka-eko-eko no-ka-kolo-kolo rather sour kolo sour also: no-ka-olo-olo b. Base is a bound root; the derivation pertains to character features. Sometimes a base exists, but there is no clear semantic relationship between the base and the derivation. 300 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE no-ka-baru-baru naughty ? baru happy no-ka-ili-ili shy, modest no-ka-dhoro-dhoro unmannered, arrogant no-ka-empa-empa impolite, mean c. Base is a verb; idiosyncratic meanings; unproductive: no-ka-ere-ere learn to stand up ere stand up no-ka-mpuu-mpuu do something seriously mpuu serious no-ka-angka-angka follow, be led astray by angka go, take a route It is also possible that the forms of this last category are made up of the prefix ka- while the base is a reduplicated verb. With the available information, this is hard to determine. 3. Affix-combination joined to an independent verb, forming a compound signalling simultaneous action. Frequently but not necessarily nasal accretion is present so that the affix takes the form of ngka- + reduplication. This could be considered a separate affix, but since the nasal accretion is not obligatory it seems best to treat it under the present affix-combination. The nasal accretion points to the close link between the independent verb and the affix-combination. This pattern is productive: no-filei nkga-pode-podea she ran away podea scream screaming filei run away do-kala ngka-ghae-ghae they went crying ghae cry kala go no-tende ka-bisa-bisara he ran while bisara talk talking tende run no-hiri-e ngka-kala-kala she peeled it kala go while going hiri peel ne-basa ka-ere-ere he reads standing ere stand up up basa read The compound nature of this derivation is most clearly shown in the fact that the object of the main verb can be suffixed to the compounded verb: do-koburu ngka-ghuri-ghuri-da they buried them ghuri living alive koburu bury But also possible is: do-koburu-da ngka-ghuri-ghuri they buried them alive

10.2.20. KI--HA