234 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE
The active participle is also used when the subject of the relative clause functions as a dependent possessed NP within the main clause. The head noun
may keep or lose the possessive linker -no.
21 ampa-mo kaawu kampufu-ndo mo-de-dea-no wangka-no
merely-PF only youngest-their -RED-red-A.PART tooth-his it was only their youngest child whose teeth were red
22 na-n[um]aando hadhi ko-bhili-no fotu-no
3sI-be haji HAVE-scar-A.PART head-his there will be a haji whose head is scarred
9.1.2. Marked by passive participles
When the relativized NP is the direct object of the dependent clause, the most common strategy is to use the passive participle. The verb takes the prefix ne-
variant ni-, see 10.2.33 and possessive suffixes indicate the agent see 4.9 and 5.4.1. Such an agent need not be present in general statements. Again, the
negator is pata, while so marks the future:
23 karadhaa niho ne-tanda-ki sadhia do-ka-mpuu-mpuu-ane
work just P.PART-begin-TR always 3pR-KA-RED-serious-it one always devotes oneself to work recently commenced
24 kenta topa ne-mbolaku-no maitu sae-taa-ha-no-mo ka-bhala-no
fish dry P.PART-steal-his that SA-good-HA-its-PF NOM-big-its the dried fish that he had stolen was moderately big
25 sau ni-bhogha-mu no-wolo-mo
wood P.PART-chop-your 3sR-finish-PF the wood that you have chopped has been used up
A full nominal agent, if present, follows the third person singular suffix -no: 26
bheta ne-tofa-no isa-ku no-neu-mo sarong P.PART-wash-POS older.sibling-my 3sR-dry-PF
the sarong that my older brother has washed is dry When the relativized NP is the indirect object of the dependent clause, the
passive participle is suffixed by the indirect object suffix -ghoo:
27 ka-mbaka-no kenta topa ne-horo-ghoo-no
NOM-nice-POS fish dry P.PART-fly-IO-his how nice is that dried fish that he is flying with
28 aini-ha-e-mo robhine ne-owa-ghoo-ku se-tuwu bheta
this-HA-her-PF woman P.PART-bring-IO-my one-CLAS sarong this is the woman to whom I have taken a sarong
29 aitu-ha-e-mo polulu ne-bhogha-ghoo-no sau
that-HA-it-PF axe P.PART-chop-IO-his wood that is the axe with which he has chopped the wood
9 THE SENTENCE 235
30 miina a-[m]ora-e robhine ne-waa-ghoo-mu boku-ku
not 1sI-see-her woman P.PART-give-IO-your book-my I have not seen the woman to whom you have given my book
9.1.3. Nominalized relative clauses
A second strategy for the formation of relative clauses in which the relativized NP is the direct object, is nominalization of the verb by means of
the prefix ka- 10.2.17. Structurally, such a nominalization may be called adjunct relativization. So far, a functional or semantic difference between
these two strategies passive participle or nominalization has not been found. Possibly there is a relation between the choice of one or the other and the
function of the head noun in the main clause, suggested by the fact that a passive participle seems to be preferred when the antecedent of the relative
clause is the subject of the main clause. Possessives in nominalized relative clauses also mark agents, but the negator
which rarely occurs is the nominal negator suano. So cannot co-occur with a nominalized relative clause.
31 no-fo-limba bhaku ka-owa-ndo
3sR-CAUS-go.out provisions NOM-bring-their he took out the provisions they had taken with them
32 do-ghondo-hi-mo kotupa ka-ghoro-fi-ndo
3pR-look-TR-PF food.basket NOM-throw.away-REP-their they looked for the food baskets they had thrown away
The following example illustrates an antecedent modified by both a nominalized relative clause and an active participle:
33 do-fomaa-ghoo-omu mie kam-pooli-ku [m]uta-no foo-ku
1pR-eat-PURP-PLUR person NOM-obtain-my pick-A.PART mango-my let us eat the person that I got who picked my mango
A nominalized relative clause marked by ka--ghoo is structurally possible, but unlike the past participle suffixed by -ghoo the relativized noun is still the
direct object, not the indirect object. The possessive suffix following the suffix -ghoo does not mark the agent as with ne--ghoo, but it marks the
beneficiary or the recipient. In a ka--ghoo relative clause the agent is introduced by the preposition ne. Compare the following examples:
34 sura ne-pakatu-ku
the letter that I sent letter P.PART-send-my
35 sura ka-pakatu-ku
the letter that I sent letter NOM-send-my
36 mie ne-pakatu-ghoo-ku sura
the person to whom I sent a person P.PART-send-IO-my letter
letter 37
mie ka-pakatu-ghoo-ku sura person NOM-send-IO-my letter
38 sura ka-pakatu-ghoo-ku ne ina-ku
the letter that was sent to me letter NOM-send-IO-my loc mother-my by my mother
236 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE
39 bheta ka-waa-ghoo-mu ne robhine aitu
sarong NOM-give-IO-your loc woman that the sarong that was given to you by that woman
The following chart summarizes the different relative clause formations in relation to the function of the relativized noun X indicates the strategy
used:
act.part. pass.part.
nominal. subject
X -
- direct object
- X
X indirect object
- X-ghoo
-
9.1.4. Locative relative clauses
