KA--HA Affixes and affix-combinations

10 DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY 297 ne-ka-ntafe receive, catch in hand tafe take hold of no-ka-rondo-a be overtaken by the rondo dark night no-ka-ngko-ghae speak while crying ghae cry in a rain-making ceremony

10.2.18. KA--HA

1. Nominal circumfix on verbal bases. Allomorphs, depending on the verb class of the base: ka--ha on a-verbs, kae--ha on ae-verbs, and kao--ha on ao-verbs. Productive. a. Meaning: locationtimeinstrument of the action or process denoted by the verbal base; location is the most unmarked and most frequently occurring meaning. Base is a simple verb: ka-lente-ha placetime of birth lente be born ka-pee-ha place to land pee land kae-buri-ha writing utensil buri write kae-tisa-ha placetime to sow tisa sow kao-lodo-ha bed lodo sleep Base is a complex verb: ka-fo-fo-guru-ha place to teach fo-fo-guru teach people fo-guru teach guru teacher ka-mai-ghoo-ha-no place where he comes from, his origin mai-ghoo come from mai come ka-po-ghawa-ghawa-ha-ndo their meeting place po-ghawa meet ghawa get b. Meaning: the reason of the activitystate denoted by the verb see 9.15. The noun is obligatorily possessed. Base is a simple verb: ka-mai-ha-ku the reason I have come mai come ka-tiere-ha-no the reason it stopped tiere stop ka-naando-ha-no the reason it is there naando be Base is a complex verb: ka-ti-kona-ha-no the reason it is called ti-kona be called kona call, name ka-ti-fo-dadi-ha-mani the reason we ex were made alive ti-fo-dadi be made alive fo-dadi make alive dadi live ka-fe-loso-ha-no the reason he lives in a hole fe-loso live in a hole loso hole 298 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE c. Meaning: emphatic deverbal noun. This meaning only occurs in negative clauses after miina bhe there is no see 7.2.2 and 8.5.1. miina bhe ka-parasaea-ha there was no belief whatsoever = X did not believe it at all parasaea believe miina bhe ka-pande-ha-ku there was no clevernessskill of mine whatsoever = I was not clever at it at all pande clever, skilful d. The following derivations have irregular meanings: ka-dadi-ha life, livelihood dadi live ka-fumaa-ha food fumaa eat kae-taa-ha-no it is betterbest taa good kae-kapa-kapande-ha first result of learning to be skilful at kapa-kapande learn to be skilful at pande know, clever kae-kabu-kaburi-ha first result of learning to write kabu-kaburi learn to write buri write e. Formally divergent are the following unproductive formations: kae-deha faeces ? dea defecate With nasal accretion, denoting objects: kae-ntei-ha vessel, container tei put, store ka-ngkoleo-ha clothesline gholeo dry in the sun ka-mporoghu-ha drinking utensil, cup foroghu drink ka-mpumaa-ha eating utensil, plate fumaa eat ka-ntabhilao-ha clothesline in house tabhilao hang out broadly clothes ka-ngkowea-ha stretcher, litter ghowea carry to- gether on the shoulders With nasal accretion and linking consonant: ka-nsoo-pa west soo go down sun ka-mponi-sa pole ladder for climbing foni-si climb trees foni go up 2. Nominal circumfix on nominal bases; unproductive: ka-bhila-ha rest, remainder bhila rest ka-moghane-ha male genitals moghane man, male ka-robhine-ha female genitals robhine woman, female 10 DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY 299 10.2.19. KA- + REDUPLICATION