TI- TI- TE- -UM--NO, ME--NO, MO--NO

10 DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY 323 Base is the negator miinamo no more: ta-miina-mo na-ti-wora suddenly it became ti-wora visible invisible wora see e. Base is a reduplicated verb. The derivation describes an ongoing unusual or surprising situation. Often in combination with -mo: ta-ne-nsara-nsara-mo it remained stuck out nsara long surprisingly ta-ne-ale-ale it hung loosely sur- ale wave prisingly ta-ne-late-late-mo he was living sur- late live prisingly ta-ne-mente-mente-mo he was very surprised mente surprised The reduplicated base can be prefixed with ka-; the meaning does not change, but the derived verb is an a-verb: ta-no-ka-nggela-nggela-mo it remained clean nggela clean surprisingly ta-no-ka-ntoge-ntoge-mo it remained upright ntoge upright surprisingly ta-no-ka-kala-kala-mo he remained going kala go surprisingly

10.2.49. TI-

Verbal prefix on verbal bases, a-class, resistant to -um-, intransitive. Meaning: accidentalagentless passive, the agent is not mentioned and the subject of the clause is the patient. Productive. Two different uses can be distinguished: a. General statements and accidentals: no-ti-gau cooked gau cook no-ti-hoba spilled hoba spill no-ti-puru peeled off puru take off no-ti-rako get caught rako catch With ao-verbs as bases the class affix -mo- appears: no-ti-mo-tehi feared tehi afraid no-ti-mo-ghae-fi bewailed ghae-fi bewail no-ti-mo-lodo-ghi slept inon lodo-ghi sleep inon On bound roots all accidental: no-ti-ulu lost no-ti-sore run aground no-ti-sele startled, frightened With change of meaning: 324 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE no-ti-ere stop ere stand up b. Potential, often in negative clauses: no-ti-basa readable basa read no-ti-wora visible wora see no-ti-perapi can be enjoyed perapi enjoy no-ti-sangke can be lifted up sangke lift up Further derivations: ka-ti-kona-ha-no the reason it is called ti-kona called kona call, name

10.2.50. TI- TE-

Prefix on measure phrase bases in concessive clauses 9.14. Meaning: as muchmany as. Productive. ti-tolu-piri as much as three plates- tolu- three ful piri plate ti-nomo-taghu as many as six years nomo- six taghu year

10.2.51. -UM--NO, ME--NO, MO--NO

Circumfix for the formation of active participles here translated as -ing forms. -um-no is found on a-verbs, me--no on ae-verbs and mo--no on ao- verbs. For the morphophonemics of -um- see 2.8.1; for the function of participles in clauses 9.1. Productive. s[um]olo-no flowing solo flow h[um]oro-no flying horo fly me-ghompa-no throwing ghompa throw me-soso-no smoking soso smoke mo-kado-no daring kado dare mo-meme-no wet meme wet When the participle receives direct or indirect object inflection, the object suffix replaces -no: [m]akatu-kanau sending me pakatu send me-gholi-angko buying for you gholi buy mo-bhalo-e answering him bhalo answer The suffix -no is also absent in a number of fixed expressions see 5.9.2. The resulting clipped participles can only function as modifiers to nouns; they cannot head an NP, a possibility which is only open for full participles. Examples of clipped participles: 10 DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY 325 wite mo-kesa beautiful land wite land kesa beautiful lalo me-taa a good heart lalo heart taa good dhaga r[um]ato newly arrived trader dhaga trader rato arrive Finally, -no is also absent in constructions with the negator tapa see 8.5.3.

10.3. Reduplication