NGKO- NSA- + REDUPLICATION PA- PAKA- PARA-

310 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE ne-pande-hao-ku what I know pande-hao know pande know, clever With semantic specification: ne-ala-no 1.what he took ala take 2.his wife ne-mai-ghoo-ku my experiences mai-ghoo come from mai come Class affixes are found with only one ae-verb, but regularly with ao-verbs. These ao-verbs are intransitive, but a participle can be formed because of the indirect object suffix -ghoo referring to cause, reason or content: ne-me-salo-no what he requested salo request also: ka-me-salo request ne-mo-nea-ghoo-no what she is used to nea usual ne-mo-kae-ghoo-no what he is lacking kae short; lacking ne-mo-saba-ghoo-no what troubles him saba worried Formally divergent -um-form in the passive participle: ne-[m]asi-ghoo-ku what I likelove asi like, love also: ka-[m]asi-ghoo-ku what I likelove

10.3.34. NGKO-

Verbal affix on verbal bases; ae-class; blocked for -um-. Meaning: often, habitually; almost identical in meaning to manso-, but ngko- occurs both on intransitive and transitive bases. Productive. ne-ngko-saki he is often ill saki ill ne-ngko-amara he is often angry amara angry ne-ngko-galu he often goes to work galu work in in the garden garden ne-ngko-futaa he laughs a lot futaa laugh 10.2.35. NSA- + REDUPLICATION Verbal affix-combination on verbal bases; ae-class, blocked for -um-. Meaning: increasingly, more and more. Base must be a stative intransitive verb. Productive. ne-nsa-bhie-bhie more and more heavy bhie heavy ne-nsa-pute-pute whiter and whiter pute white ne-nsa-dai-dai more and more broken dai broken ne-nsa-hali-hali increasingly difficult hali difficult With slightly divergent meaning: ne-nsa-lompo-lompona gradually lompona long 10 DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY 311

10.2.36. PA-

Nominal prefix on verbal bases. Indicates a profession: one who regularly does X for his living. Unproductive. pa-galu farmer galu work in the field pa-hulo hunter hulo hunt pa-gambara artist gambara make a picture pa-kebha tree tapper kebha tap tree

10.2.37. PAKA-

Prefix on verbal bases with verbal or nominal inflection. Meaning: links two clauses by specifying their temporal relationship as one of initial overlapping when first, when just. See also 9.7.1. Productive. a. With nominal inflection: paka-rato-ku when I first arrived rato arrive paka-tanda-no when it just started tanda begin paka-gaa-ndo when they were just gaa marry married b. With verbal inflection less usual; the prefix does not change the verb class of the verbal base: paka-a-rato when I first arrived rato arrive paka-no-mate when he had just died mate die,dead On complex bases: paka-ae-feka-rubu when I first made it smaller feka-rubu make smaller rubu small

10.2.38. PARA-

Verbal prefix on verbal bases; a-class, amenable to -um-, intransitive. Meaning: iterativity in combination with habituality. In some cases the emphasis is on the variety of the implied objects. Unproductive. a. Base is a dynamic intransitive verb or, rarely, a transitive verb of which the object is not specified: no-para-tongka vomit repeatedly tongka vomit no-para-dosa be frequently in debt dosa be in debt no-para-gholi be a regular buyer; gholi buy buy a variety of things no-para-aso be a regular seller; aso sell sell a variety of things no-para-ada borrow all the time ada borrow 312 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE With nasal accretion: no-para-mpodea shout repeatedly podea shout no-para-mpeena ask all the time feena ask also: no-para-mfeena no-para-mponi climb all the time foni climb no-para-nsuli return all the time suli return no-para-mpilei run away all the time filei run away also: no-para-mfilei b. Base is a reduplicated verb: no-para-tongka-tongka vomit repeatedly tongka vomit no-para-ghae-ghae whimper, blubber ghae cry c. Base is a bound derived verb: no-para-ngko-dea show various shades of dea red red no-para-ngko-kuni show various shades of kuni yellow yellow 2. Base is a stative verb; the prefix para- alternates with mara-; in both cases there is nasal accretion. The meaning is idiosyncratic. no-para-mpute pale pute white no-mara-mpute no-para-ntalea lie bare ntalea light no-mara-ntalea Further derivation: ka-para-ghae-ghae someone who always whimpers, blubberer

10.2.39. PE-