The missing first person inclusive The form -kaeta

4 VERBAL INFLECTION 71 It is possible to have both a direct and an indirect object suffix on the verb, but in that case the direct object is limited to -e; the indirect object precedes the direct object: 96 no-gholi-kanau-e she bought it for me 3sR-buy-me-it 97 a-gh[um]oli-angko-e I will buy it for you 1sI-buy-you-it 98 do-gholi-anda-e they bought it for them 3pR-buy-them-it The definiteness shift is triggered in all these cases, because of the direct object suffix -e. Combinations of other direct object pronominals with indirect object pronominals are ungrammatical: 99 no-owa-kanau-da 3sR-bring-me-them This meaning can be expressed in the following way, where the recipient is no longer a suffix but a free pronoun: 100 no-owa-da ne inodi he brought them to me 3sR-bring-them loc I When -ane and -e are both suffixed to a verb, the two es are frequently fused into one single -e; the verb remains in the a-class: 101 a-gholi-ane-e I bought it for her 1sR-buy-her-it 102 a-gholi-ane I bought it for her 1sR-buy-herit

4.8.3. The missing first person inclusive

The chart presented at the beginning of 4.8 raises the question how the first person inclusive dual and plural are expressed when they are direct or indirect pronominal objects. As can be seen, there are no suffixes for these categories. The language uses two other mechanisms: a. The full pronoun is used an option which is also open for all the other persons for emphatic purposes, see 5.3.1: 103 no-faraluu intaidi he needs us 3sR-need we b. The prefix fo- is used the detransitivizer, not the causative fo-, see 8.3 and 10.2.7: 104 mahingga pa da-fo-bhasi, ta-da-k[um]ala-mo dua although FUT.not 3pI-DETR-call JUST-1pI-go-PF also although they will not invite us, we will just go too 72 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE For the first person inclusive indirect object this fo- can also be used, together with the indirect object marker -ghoo. In this case the class affixes me- and mo- also surface see 10.2.28: 105 no-fo-me-owa-ghoo foo he brought us a mango 3sR-DETR-CA-bring-IO mango 106 no-fo-me-gholi-ghoo pae she bought rice for us 3sR-DETR-CA-buy-IO rice

4.8.4. The form -kaeta

As illustrated in 4.8, one of the meanings of -kaeta is second person polite direct or indirect object. Another example of this usage is 107: 107 indewi a-wora-kaeta we toko yesterday 1sR-see-youpol loc shop yesterday I saw you polite in the shop However, -kaeta has another important function, namely in imperative construc- tions. The basic meaning of -kaeta here is probably for us, that is, an indirect object first person plural suffix for which forms are lacking in the chart. The imperative with -kaeta is informal and its use indicates that the action which is commanded is for the benefit of both the speaker and the hearer. -Kaeta will be glossed us in the interlinear translation as a shorthand notation see 8.7.3. 108 me-gholi-kaeta kenta naewine IMP-buy-us fish tomorrow buy some fish tomorrow for us, so that we can eat When there is no direct benefit for the hearer, -kanau will be used instead. Notice the difference between the following two sentences: 109 me-ala-kaeta kurusi get a chair for us IMP-get-us chair 110 me-ala-kanau kurusi get me a chair IMP-get-me chair In 109 there is a clear implication that getting the chair is also for the benefit of the hearer, because, for example, a guest has arrived and the host commands his son to get a chair. The son as part of the family is also responsible for the well-being of the guests. 110, on the other hand, would be uttered by a father to his son when he needs a chair for himself. Finally, -kaeta is used in polite adhortative sentences, where the speaker also includes himself: 111 fumaa-kaeta let us eat IMP-eat-us 112 me-ngkora-kaeta-amu let us plural sit down IMP-sit-us-PLUR 4 VERBAL INFLECTION 73

4.9. Inflection and derived constructions