98 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE
garaa conjunction denoting surprise
garaa itu idem
dadihanomo so, therefore
dadihanomo itu idem
naewine tomorrow
naewine itu idem
c. maitu maitu, like ini, can also modify a clause of which the main verb has already
been mentioned or suggested, thus acting as a clause linker: 125 do-fewule-mo ko-ru-dua-ha-ndo. Garaa naando de-ngko-ngkora maitu...
3pR-rest-PF KO-RED-two-HA-their SURPR be 3pR-RED-sit that the two of them took a rest. While they were sitting... lit.
during that time they were sitting... 126 ina-no no-kala-mo ne-galu. Wakutuu-no no-kundo maitu...
mother-his 3sR-go-PF 3sR-field time-its 3sR-go.away that his mother went to work in the field. When she had gone...
127 ni-kona-ndo do-fo-fo-sudhu maitu P.PART-call-their 3pR-DETR-CAUS-be.right that
what is called putting in the right position in the grave d. nagha
nagha is occasionally found after certain adverbs: tangkanomo
in short, briefly tangkanomo nagha
idem
5.5.7. Combinations of demonstratives
As mentioned in 5.5.1, certain combinations of demonstratives occur. In these cases the last element is always a referential demonstrative, usually ini. The
whole combination in turn can be either an identifying or a referential demonstrative for example amaitu-ini or maitu-ini. Such combinations can
function as either head or modifier. When the combination has a temporal meaning, this can either refer to an
absolute point in time, where the deictic point of reference is the moment of speaking, or it can denote a relative point in time, where the deictic point of
reference is established in the discourse. Compare the meanings now and then of aitu in 5.5.3 examples 79 and 80.
The addition of ini to a demonstrative has two primary meanings: 1. It emphasizes the demonstrative;
2. It adds a temporal meaning component. Part of the meaning of the main demon-
strative is maintained, namely the distance from the speaker, but this is now re-analysed as temporal distance or anaphoric distance mentioned just
now, mentioned a while ago. In the glosses the element ini will be ignored in complex demonstratives.
The following combinations of demonstratives with illustrative examples in clauses have ini as their last element:
5 THE NOMINAL PHRASE 99
1. aini-ini 1. the one just mentioned
referential: ini-ini 2. just now,only a few minutes
ago usual form ani-ini 128 nea-no liwuto aini-ini
the name of this island just name-POS island this
mentioned 129 fato-ghonu sikola ini-ini
these four schools just four-CLAS school this
mentioned 130 amba-no ani-ini
he said just now word-his just.now
2. amaitu-ini that the aforementioned
131 fato-fulu-gha kahitela amaitu-ini miina na-[m]ada-e-a four-ten-day corn that not 3sI-finish-it-CL
in forty days he had not finished the aforementioned corn 132 a-po-ghawa-ghoo kaawu ka-ntoo-no bhirita amaitu-ini
1sR-REC-get-IO after NOM-certain-POS news that when I had found out the truth about this aforementioned news
The referential demonstrative maitu-ini is very rarely used. In the one example found in a text it follows a subordinate clause functioning as a
linker:
133 pada do-fo-kawi-da maitu-ini-a... finish 3pR-CAUS-marry-them that-CL
when they had married them... 3. awatu-ini
that emphatic 134 sau awatu-ini no-bhari bhake-no
THAT tree has got much fruit tree that 3sR-many fruit-his
4. atatu-ini that emphatic
135 ka-ware-no kangkaha atatu-ini peda-mo wulu-no fotu se-tangke NOM-broad-POS road that like-PF hair-POS head one-CLAS
THAT road is as narrow as a hair 5. anagha-ini
1. formerly, a long time ago 2. at that time a long time
ago 3. exclamation denoting surprise
136 anagha-ini naando se-mie moghane once upon a time there was a
that be one-CLAS man man
The referential demonstrative itu functions as the last element in the combination awagha-itu. This complex form is different from the other
demonstratives in that the simple base awagha or wagha does not exist. Its meaning and usage is as follows:
100 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE
a. It is a combination of a locative and a temporal meaning: that not far and just now. It is typically used to refer to someone who has
just passed by. 137 awagha-itu ai-ku
that was my brother that younger.sibling-my
the person who has just passed not far from us
138 mie awagha-itu sabhangka-ku that man is my friend
person that friend-my idem
b. As a referential demonstrative it follows an action verb and functions as a temporal adverb then. The preceding verb is not suffixed with -mo
9.21. 139 no-si-ka-horo-ha wagha-itu welo oe karaka
3sR-SI-KA-jump-HA that in water frog then the frog suddenly jumped into the water
140 no-wula wagha-itu, mohama, garaa o liwu 3sR-open.eyes that INJ SURPR ART village
then he opened his eyes, good heavens, there was a village c. In combination with ini it is a temporal adverb meaning a long time
ago. 141 awagha-itu-ini naando se-mie bhirinanda
that be one-CLAS widow a long time ago there was a widow
Another demonstrative that is also found as a final element in complex demon- stratives is nagha, but only in the combination anagha-nagha. This typically
refers to something which is heard and has been mentioned before and therefore forms the topic of conversation. Probably the use of anagha-nagha is limited to
Katobu.
142 suara anagha-nagha suara-no ana-ku voice that voice-POS child-my
that voice is the voice of my child But it can also refer to an object that is not in view, but which still forms
the topic of conversation:
143 lambu anagha-nagha no-hali siaghe house that 3sR-expensive too
that house is too expensive
5.5.8. Derivations of demonstratives
