The negator suano Other negators

212 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE 130 pata-ho ka-mai-ha-no rampano no-saki ana-no NEG-yet NOM-come-REAS-his because 3sR-sick child-his the reason he has not come yet is that his child is ill Certain focusing adverbs may intervene between the negator and the verb form: 131 pata tora ka-mai-ha-no rampano miina-ho na-ko-doi NEG again NOM-come-REAS-his because not.yet 3sI-HAVE-money the reason he has not come again is because he has not yet got any money The negator tapa is probably related to pata. It is followed by a clipped participle and means there is nobody who is not, in other words everybody is: 132 mie-hi we Wuna tapa ko-galu person-PLUR loc Muna NEG A.PART-HAVE-field the people in Muna all have fields 133 tapa mo-bhela po-gira-gira-no indewi NEG A.PART-wound REC-RED-fight-A.PART yesterday all the people who fought yesterday were wounded

8.5.4. The negator suano

The negator suano dialectally also soano is used for constituent negation, that is, before an NP. Again, -mo and -ho may be added, though this is less common than with miina. The clitic -a is frequently attached to the last element of the NP which is being negated: 134 aini suano medha-a, tamaka kurusi this is not a table, but a this not table-CL but chair chair 135 suano ka-ghosa-no pikore it was not the pikores not NOM-strong-POS k.o.bird strength 136 anoa suano-mo guru-mani he is no longer our ex he no.more teacher-ourex teacher 137 suano kaawu inodi, do-bhari not just me, there were many not just I 1pR-many of us

8.5.5. Other negators

In addition to these five negators with their variants and derivations, there are a few other words that have a negative meaning component: the emphatic negative adverb mau-na and the negative verbs ghuri and kiido. 1. Mau-na is used in combination with negative existential constructions with bhe for purposes of emphasis, or preceding a measure phrase indicating contra-expectation. The numeral in the measure phrase is invariably se- one. The -na of mau-na may in fact be a special use of the futurity or irrealis prefix na- with measure phrases see 5.7.3 and 10.2.32: 8 CLAUSAL MODIFICATIONS 213 138 no-tola, mau-na bhe mie-mie he called, but there was 3sR-call not be RED-people absolutely nobody 139 miina bhe [m]asi-ane, mau-na se-mie not be A.PART-love-her not one-person there was absolutely nobody who loved her, not a single person 140 miina bhe d[um]onga-ti-e, mau-na se-mie not be A.PART-look.up-TR-her not one-person there was nobody who cared for her, not a single person 141 mau-na se-turu miina nao-ndawu we wite not one-drop not 3sI-fall loc earth not even a drop fell to earth 2. The negative verb ghuri means absolutely not and may either precede or follow the negated clause, of which the verb must be in the irrealis. This verb ghuri only occurs in the third person singular realis: 142 mahingga a-po-guru se-a-se-alo, no-ghuri a-[m]ande although 1sI-PO-learn RED-one-evening 3sR-not 1sI-know although I study every evening, I really do not know it 143 mahingga nae-ala kaawu sau, no-ghuri, miina sepaliha although 3sI-get only wood 3sR-not not very he never ever went to get wood 3. The negative verb kiido not want, refuse is also followed by the irrealis: 144 a-kiido a-k[um]ala I do not want to go 1sR-refuse 1sI-go Raising of negative words from the subclause to the main clause I dont think it is raining is ungrammatical in the great majority of examples. Only one example was elicited where the scope of the negator is possibly the subclause: 145 miina a-ko-patudhu-ghoo da-g[um]aa andoa maitu not 1sI-HAVE-intention-IO 3pI-marry they that it is not my intention that they will marry

8.6. The interrogative mode