The imperative verb form The use of free pronouns in imperatives

8 CLAUSAL MODIFICATIONS 225

8.7. The imperative mode

The imperative mode is used to make orders to the hearer. This mode is characterized by a special non-finite verb form the imperative and the frequent use of a number of affixes and adverbs that serve to increase or decrease the force or degree of politeness of the command.

8.7.1. The imperative verb form

As was shown in 4.9, the imperative is different for each of the three verb classes in the following way: class a: root class ae: me- + root class ao: mo- + root Examples: 250 kala go IMP-go 251 me-ngkora sit down IMP-sit 252 mo-pilo close your eyes IMP-close.eyes When the order is directed to more than one hearer, the second person plural suffix -Vmu is added to the imperative. It follows all other suffixes. 253 kala-amu go pl IMP-go-PLUR 254 piki-suli-imu come home quickly IMP-FAST-return-PLUR 255 suli-ghoo-omu kadeki bring her home first IMP-return-IO-PLUR first With transitive verbs the same imperative forms are used. With definite direct objects, the definiteness shift occurs. 256 me-dhaga-ni galu watch over the field IMP-watch-TR field 257 dhaga-ni nea-mu watch over your name IMP-watch-TR name-your 258 me-intagi oto wait for the car IMP-wait car 259 intagi-kasami wait for us ex IMP-wait-usex 226 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE When the speaker wishes to make a polite command he may choose the second person polite subject markers. With the ae-class, the irrealis prefix tae- seems to be fairly common, next to the realis te-. The suffix -mo see below is normally added to this polite imperative: 260 to-kala Bapa please go, sir 2shR-go sir 261 tae-ngkora-mo please sit down 2shI-sit-PF 262 to-lodo-mo Ibu please go and sleep, Madam 2shR-sleep-PF Madam Also, the unfamiliar second person subject markers do- and de- may be used in the imperative mode to address a hearer whose status and position is not yet known to the hearer see 4.1: 263 de-ngkora ne ini please sit down here 2suR-sit loc this

8.7.2. The use of free pronouns in imperatives

The second person free pronouns hintu you and hintu-umu you pl may be added to imperatives. Depending on intonation and voice quality this conveys either a very forceful command or merely contrastive emphasis not he, but you. These pronouns may either precede or follow the verb. 264 ala-mo aini hintu you take this IMP-take-PF this you 265 ihintu me-ngkora te wawo-no kantei you IMP-sit loc top-POS threshold you sit down on the threshold 266 mo-lodo ne ini hintu, inodi ne watu IMP-sleep loc this you I loc that you sleep here, I will sleep over there

8.7.3. Modifying the imperative: affixes and adverbs