Direct object inflection Indirect object inflection

4 VERBAL INFLECTION 69 Direct and indirect object suffixes are part of the verb. This is most clearly shown by the position of the suffix -mo in the verb. This -mo follows all other suffixes. It also follows the pronominal suffixes. 74 a. ne-pepe-mo se-mie he hit somebody 3sR-hit-PF one-person b. no-pepe-kanau-mo he hit me 3sR-hit-me-PF

4.8.1. Direct object inflection

The direct object pronominal suffixes are used: 1. when the object is the goal, target, patient or causee of the verb: 75 do-wora-kanau they see me 3pR-see-me 76 a-dhumpa-ko-mo I pushed you 1sR-push-you-PF 77 na-[m]aso-e she will sell it 3sI-sell-it 78 do-tesi-kasami they tested us ex 3pR-test-usex 79 a-[m]ealai-kaeta I ask your permission to leave 1sI-ask.permission-youpol 80 no-fo-futaa-da he made them laugh 3sR-CAUS-laugh-them 2. with certain experiential verbs to denote the experiencer see 7.4: 81 no-rengku-kanau I am shivering 3sR-shiver-me lit. it shivers me 3. with the question word hamai which, where 8.6.2, the existential verb naando be 7.2.1, the negator miina not 8.5.1 and demonstrative derivations with ha- 5.5.8 and 10.2.11: 82 hamai-ko-mo? where are you? where-you-PF 83 naando-e? is he still there? be-him 84 miina-e-mo it is no longer there not-it-PF 85 aini-ha-kanau here I am this-LOC-me 70 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE 4. with bhari-bhari- all 5.7.6: 86 bhari-bhari-kaeta-amu all of you polite plural RED-all-us-PLUR

4.8.2. Indirect object inflection

The indirect object pronominal suffixes are used: 1. to express semantic functions such as beneficiary, recipient, instrument: 87 ne-gholi-kasami bhadhu he bought a shirt for us ex 3sR-buy-usex shirt 88 a-[m]oni-si-angko-e I will climb it for you 1sI-go.up-TR-you-it 89 de-buri-ane sura they write a letter with it 3pR-write-it letter 2. to express the semantic function goal with Cao-verbs 10.2.15. When the suffix -Cao is followed by one of the indirect object suffixes or by the suffix -ghoo, the final o of -Cao is deleted. Only with the first person suffix -kanau is this rule optional. 90 a-pande-ha-ane I know it base: pande-hao 1sR-know-INT-it 91 ghondo-fa-anda take care of them IMP-look-INT-them base: ghondo-fao 92 do-pande-hao-kanau they know me 3pR-know-INT-me 3. with certain intransitive verbs to express goal, such as kanu make ready to go, asi like, love, limpu forget. These verbs are treated as intransitives on formal grounds since they cannot be suffixed with a direct object pronominal suffix. Indirect object suffixation either pronominal or with -ghoo see 7.9 is optional with kanu and limpu, but seems to be obligatory with asi. 93 no-kanu-ane she made him ready to go 3sR-make.ready-him 94 a-asi-angko I like you 1sR-like-you For a full discussion of -ane and its relation to -ghoo see 7.9. Indirect object suffixes, unlike direct object suffixes, do not trigger the definiteness shift: 95 a. ae-gholi-angko pae I buy rice for you 1sR-buy-you rice b. a-gholi-angko pae 4 VERBAL INFLECTION 71 It is possible to have both a direct and an indirect object suffix on the verb, but in that case the direct object is limited to -e; the indirect object precedes the direct object: 96 no-gholi-kanau-e she bought it for me 3sR-buy-me-it 97 a-gh[um]oli-angko-e I will buy it for you 1sI-buy-you-it 98 do-gholi-anda-e they bought it for them 3pR-buy-them-it The definiteness shift is triggered in all these cases, because of the direct object suffix -e. Combinations of other direct object pronominals with indirect object pronominals are ungrammatical: 99 no-owa-kanau-da 3sR-bring-me-them This meaning can be expressed in the following way, where the recipient is no longer a suffix but a free pronoun: 100 no-owa-da ne inodi he brought them to me 3sR-bring-them loc I When -ane and -e are both suffixed to a verb, the two es are frequently fused into one single -e; the verb remains in the a-class: 101 a-gholi-ane-e I bought it for her 1sR-buy-her-it 102 a-gholi-ane I bought it for her 1sR-buy-herit

4.8.3. The missing first person inclusive