-HO I- -CAO Affixes and affix-combinations

290 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE b. The prefix ta- until 10.2.48: ta-no-bhala-hi-mo until he was big bhala big ta-no-mate-hi-mo until she died mate die

10.2.13. -HO

1. A suffix that can be attached to different word classes. It marks a future aspect. In clauses it is usually balanced by a clause introduced by maka then see 9.7.2. a. Base is a simple or complex verb: no-bhala-ho when he is big bhala big no-taha-ho when it is ripe taha ripe no-fonisi-e-ho when he climbs it foni-si climb b. Base is an adverb or a noun in a prepositional phrase: naewine-ho when it is tomorrow naewine tomorrow we ghabu-ho when in the kitchen ghabu kitchen c. On other bases with slightly different meanings: miina-ho not yet miina not pae-ho will not yet pae will not naando-ho still, only naando be kadeki-ho wait a second kadeki first 2. It is attached to simple verbal bases and functions as an optative: a special form for requests and desires in prayers and charms: no-hende-ho maylet it grow hende grow ne-ntalea-ho maylet it get light ntalea light no-pono-ho maylet it become full pono full naando-ho maylet there be naando be 3. Base is a bound form: ingke-ingke-ho as if

10.2.14. I-

Nominal prefix on two numeral bases. Probably related to e- 10.2.3. Un- productive. i-tolu the third night after tolu- three someones death; period of three days i-fitu the seventh night after fitu- seven someones death 10 DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY 291

10.2.15. -CAO

The suffix -Cao C stands for a subclass of consonants, see 2.8.4 occurs on verbal bases and is not productive. The resulting verb is almost always transitive class ae-, but sometimes intransitive class a-. The derived verb has an intensified meaning aspect compared with the basic verb, and often denotes a violent and vehement action. -Cao-derived verbs are formally marked by the fact that they take indirect object inflection, in which case the final vowel in -Cao is sometimes lost see 4.8.2. The following list is not exhaustive, although most of the regularly used derivations are found here. A difficulty with these verbs is that in several cases different meanings were recorded, which were not always confirmed by other speakers of the language. A certain degree of idiolectal meaning variation seems to be connected with these verbs: a. Base is a simple verb: ne-pande-hao know pande know, clever no-ndole-hao lie down action ndole lie down state ne-limpu-hao forget all about limpu forget ne-ghondo-fao take care of ghondo look at no-longko-fao falllie face down longko lie face down, stoop ne-ghati-fao hold tightly under the ghati hold under arm; squeeze, push the arm ne-tumbu-lao plant firmly in the tumbu pound, hit ground; hit firmly ne-wangku-lao throwstrike vigorously; wangku hit, strike collide with ne-dhudhu-lao push forcefully dhudhu push in one big push ne-rambi-tao fling down rambi hit, strike ne-angka-tao respect, be sensitive angka appoint ne-ule-tao spinturn round ule turn, shake vehemently the head ne-kitu-rao wipe intensively kitu wipe ne-koki-rao turnpush away koki rub someones face ne-puru-sao let go rope; take puru take off off leaves randomly leaves ne-horo-pao fly off with horo fly b. Base is a bound root: ne-fende-hao greet ne-dangku-lao hitshake violently ne-furu-tao move very fast; exhaust, use up ne-tabhi-lao throw clothes over the clothesline so that they hang out broadly ne-bhatatala-hao curse Further derivations: 292 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE no-ti-pande-hao known pande-hao know pande know, clever do-po-angka-tao they respect each other angka-tao respect angka appoint ka-tumbu-lao pole, house post tumbu-lao plant firmly in the ground; hit firmly tumbu pound, hit

10.2.16. -CI