The negators pa, pae, paise

8 CLAUSAL MODIFICATIONS 209 99 miina bhe fetapa no-ala-mo wulu-no fotu se-tangke-no maitu not be ask 3sR-take-PF hair-POS head one-CLAS-A.PART that without asking she took the hair 100 miina bhe hae-hae there is nothing not be RED-what 101 miina bhe ka-parasaea-ha-no Raja Mpitiri not be NOM-believe-HA-POS Raja Mpitiri Raja Mpitiri did not believe it at all This bhe may also be found at the beginning of a verbal clause, while miina occurs in clause-final position. Such a construction denotes contra-expectation and can be adequately translated with even: 102 sampe-sampe bhe ae-epe ka-wule miina so.that with 1sI-feel NOM-tired not so that I did not even feel tired 103 bhe na-[m]ealai-da miina me-ngkora-ngkora-no with 3sI-ask.permission-them not -RED-sit-A.PART he did not even ask those who were sitting for permission to leave The suffixes -mo and -ho can be added to miina, resulting in miina-mo no more and miina-ho not yet: 104 o kadondo miina-mo na-[m]ooli-a no-horo ART woodpecker no.more 3sI-able-CL 3sR-fly the woodpecker was no longer able to fly 105 no-suli te wale, miina-ho bhe ka-gau-a 3sR-return loc hut not.yet be NOM-cook-CL when she came home, the food was not ready yet 106 miina-ho siaghe na-ro-rondo it is not too dark yet not.yet too 3sI-RED-dark Finally, like the existential verb naando, the negator miina can also receive object-inflection, that is, it functions as a kind of verb of which the subject is expressed in direct object pronominal suffixes see 4.8.1. 107 garaa no-ghondo-hi ndoke, miina-e-mo SURPR 3sR-look-TR monkey not-him-PF he looked for the monkey, but he was no longer there

8.5.2. The negators pa, pae, paise

When a verbal clause referring to the future is negated, the negator pa or pae is used, which seem to have no difference in meaning. Occasionally pe is found, possibly a dialectal form. Verbs following these negators are also in the irrealis form. With vowel-initial verb forms pa may be cliticized to the verb: pa-o- p-o- see 3.1.4. 210 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE 108 pa a-k[um]ala we sikola naewine FUT.not 1sI-go loc school tomorrow I will not go to school tomorrow 109 ane pa na-r[um]ato, fo-rato-kanau if FUT.not 3sI-come IMP-CAUS-arrive-me if he does not come, please let me know 110 ingka pe na-ko-ghuluha da-s[um]angke pae ENIM FUT.not 3sI-HAVE-meaning 1pI-appoint rice cant you see it is senseless to appoint the rice as king? 111 p-o-k[um]ala? wont you go? FUT.not-2sI-go The emphatic paise is used in one-word clauses as a response to a question about a future state or event. In such a case pa is ungrammatical. Paise is also found within clauses in the same position as pa: 112 A: na-gh[um]use naewine? B: paise pae 3sI-rain tomorrow FUT.not A: will it rain tomorrow? B: it wont 113 peda hae la-ndoke-la-ndoke, paise o-mai-a? like what RED-ART-monkey FUT.not 2sI-come-CL how about you, monkey, wont you come along? The suffixes -mo and -ho can only be added to the form pae, not to pa. 114 aitu pae-mo a-[m]o-lapa-ko now I wont let you go anymore now FUT.no.more 1sI-CAUS-leave-you 115 no-tanda ghole itu pae-mo da-marasai 3sR-begin day that FUT.no.more 1pI-suffer from today we will suffer no more 116 pae-ho siaghe na-bhari-a so mai-no naewine FUT.not.yet too 3sI-many-CL FUT come-A.PART tomorrow there are not many yet who will come tomorrow In addition papae and paise are used in counterfactual statements, often following the conjunction ane if: 117 ane pae ao-limpu, lima taghu-mo if I have not forgotten it, if FUT.not 1sI-forget five year-PF it was five years ago 118 ane paise, dae-karadhaa hae? if not, why should one work? if FUT.not 3pI-work what 119 no-kotughu bhe paise, tula-tula-no peda aini 3sR-true with FUT.not story-its like this true or not, this is the story 8 CLAUSAL MODIFICATIONS 211 120 ane pa bhai-ku, miina-mo nae-wanta fekiri-ku if FUT.not friend-my no.more 3sI-long thinking-my if it had not been for my friend, I would not have thought long For other examples and the usage of sa-pae, see 9.13. The following combinations of pae with adverbs occur: pae dua of course, understandably pa ingka no problem, take it easy 121 pae dua nao-sabha, o karada maitu o ka-ada FUT.not also 3sI-worry ART spear that ART NOM-borrow of course he was worried, the spear was borrowed 122 pa ingka, ta-me-pili-mo itu FUT.not ENIM JUST-IMP-choose-PF that no problem, just take your choice

8.5.3. The negators pata, tapa