Proper nouns The Noun

5 THE NOMINAL PHRASE 79 2. Circumfix ka--ha and its allomorphs kae--ha and kao--ha on verbal roots 10.2.18: ka-lente-ha place of birth lente be born kao-lodo-ha bed lodo sleep 3. Suffix -ha on verbal roots 10.2.11: fumaa-ha time to eat fumaa eat wawe-ha time to turn wawe turn 4. ka- + reduplication on nominal roots 10.2.19: ka-tonde-tonde small glass tonde glass ka-wale-wale small hut wale hut 5. Reduplication on nominal roots 10.3: laha-lahae whoever lahae who ando-andoke Mr. Monkey andoke monkey 6. Suffix -hi on nominal roots 10.2.12: kontu-hi stones kontu stone muri-hi pupils muri pupil Unproductive derivations: 1. Prefix po- on verbal roots 10.2.41: po-wora vision, view wora see 2. Circumfix foko--u on kinship terms 10.2.9: foko-ama-u uncle ama classificatory uncle: father 3. Prenasalization on numeral bases 5.7.2: ndua second cousin dua two Compounds are relatively rare in Muna. One type which is formally marked through prenasalization is discussed in 10.4. Examples: idha-mpaapa father and mother idha father paapa mother ina-ngkolaki lord mother ina mother term used in charms kolaki lord, nobleman Other compound-like structures are discussed in 5.4.2.

5.2.3. Proper nouns

Proper nouns names are used for identifying persons and locations. Proper nouns have very limited inflectional and derivational possibilities; only 80 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE locative names can be affixed with ko--ha-e 5.7.3, while possessive inflec- tion with personal names is not impossible but rather unusual. Notice the following points about proper nouns referring to persons: 1. Names are usually preceded by the articles la for men or wa for women, both as term of address and as term of reference. When names are written for official purposes, these elements are capitalized. In normal speech la is often reduced to a. La Aso Wa Sukia In this connection it is interesting to note that many place-names also start with La- or Wa-, while Ma- seems to be another prefix used for place- names. The meaning of these elements is unknown. Examples: Lasehao Wasolangka Mawasangka Lambiku Wanseriwu Mabodo Latawe Wakuru Masalili Lailangga Wabintingi 2. When somebody belongs to the nobility, heshe is allowed to place ode before hisher name. In writing this is usually capitalized: La Ode Malefu Wa Ode Hanafia 3. Names are often abbreviated. This is especially the case when people are directly addressed see 10.6: La Ifu La Salifu Wa Ida Wa Kandiida 4. Names can be preceded by the particle ndo, which denotes plurality 5.6.5. It means: X cum suis; X and his friendsrelatives. It is also found with animal names when they figure as characters in a story: te ndo Wa Tini at Wa Tinis at her house, where she and her family live ndo bhiku Snail and his friends 5. When animals are the main characters in a story, the common name is made into a proper name by reduplication, preceded by la or the reduced form a. The reduplication may be full two syllables or supernumerary three syllables see 10.3: ndoke monkey landoke-landoke Mr. Monkey andoke-andoke lando-landoke ando-andoke The last form is the most usual one. Some other examples that occur in texts: 5 THE NOMINAL PHRASE 81 alaga-alaga laga ant adhi-adhini dhini jin, evil animal akapo-kapoluka kapoluka tortoise This last example is surprising, since the article a is found only on the reduplicated part, not on the root. It seems that when the root contains more than two syllables, reduplication precedes prefixation of the article a. Disyllabic roots are first prefixed with a or la and then partially or fully reduplicated. Reduplication is also used to form names out of phrases: ware-ware lima Mr. Broadhand ware broad lima hand Such constructions may again be preceded by la, a or wa: la sopi-sopi koro Mr. Sharpbottom sopi sharp koro bottom a wiga-wiga mata Mr. Eyefilth wiga filth mata eye

5.3. Personal pronoun