KA- Affixes and affix-combinations

294 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE ne-tumbu-li hit repeatedly tumbu hit, pound ne-tumbu-lao plant firmly in the ground, hit firmly ne-puru-si take off leaves puru take off repeatedly leaves ne-puru-sao take off leaves randomly ne-longko-fi stoop down to get longko stoop ne-longko-fao falllie face downward ne-rambi-si hit repeatedly rambi hit ne-rambi-tao fling down

10.2.17. KA-

1. Nominal prefix on verbal bases. The meaning of the resulting deverbal noun is partly dependent on the meaning of the verbal base, partly on the direct context. The following categories can be distinguished: a. Deverbal noun denoting the abstraction of the verbal quality: ka-ghosa strength ghosa strong ka-gharo hunger gharo hungry ka-tehi fear tehi afraid ka-nea custom nea usual ka-buri writing, script buri write ka-ntoo certainty ntoo certain ka-naando existence naando be, exist b. The result or product of the action or process denoted by the verb: ka-tofa washing, laundry tofa wash clothes ka-bhenta hole bhenta make hole ka-mbulu uncooked vegetables mbulu pick ve- getables ka-ntalea light, lamp ntalea light ka-weo swelling, bump weo swell c. The instrument with which the action is carried out: ka-haro broom haro sweep ka-koo rope koo tie ka-pusuli handkerchief pusuli wipe ones face ka-ransa sieve ransa sieve d. A final category with idiosyncratic meanings, in many of which animacy seems to be important: ka-pongke deaf person pongke deaf ka-nubho toothless person nubho toothless 10 DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY 295 ka-sibu thief sibu be a thief ka-mate corpse mate die, dead ka-dadi animal dadi live These categories are not watertight divisions; often more than one meaning is possible on a certain base, in which case the immediate context must provide indications as to which interpretation is correct. Consider: ka-insu 1. grated coconut meat insu grate 2. coconut rasp coconut ka-mate 1. death mate die, dead 2. corpse Apart from their use as normal heads of NPs, ka-derivations occur in some other construction types. Since these topics are all dealt with in other parts of this grammar, they are only briefly discussed and illustrated here. a. A ka-derived noun functions as the head of an exclamatory clause, in which case the noun is obligatorily possessed see 7.7: ka-mbaka-no how nice it is mbaka nice ka-baru-ku how happy I am baru happy b. The noun functions in a nominalized relative clause see 9.1.3: manu ka-hole-ku the chicken that I fried hole fry kalei ka-gholi-no the banana that he bought gholi buy c. The noun functions as a descriptive attribute to a head noun see 5.9.2; nasal accretion is found in certain fixed expressions: oe ka-tembe fresh water tembe fresh dahu ka-kempa a cripple dog kempa cripple pae ngka-dea red rice dea red The order of the constituents in b and c may even be reversed, in which case the possessive linker -no is present see 5.9.2: ka-taha-no kalei a ripe banana taha ripe ka-pinda-no kenta a roasted fish pinda roast Some ka-derivations on complex bases: ka-ghoro-fi-no what he had thrown away ghoro-fi throw away repeatedly ghoro throw away ka-fo-late foster child fo-late cause to live; take into ones home late live ka-ghi-ghito blackness ghito black ka-ka-bhore-bhore-mu what an idiot you are ka-bhore-bhore be an idiot bhore stupid 296 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE The following aberrant formations are to be noted: a. Some verbal roots take a class affix: ka-me-salo request salo request ka-mo-tugha forest also: ka-tugha tugha hard ka-mo-taha cooked food taha ripe ka-mo-ghuri greenfresh crop ghuri green, living b. Some bases occur with the otherwise non-existent affix -ma-: ka-ma-dondo dawn dondo very early ka-ma-ghuleo afternoon ? gholeo day, sun c. Rarely, a verbal base takes a prefix kae- or kao-: kae-mbali event, happening mbali happen kao-bhalo answer also ka-bhalo bhalo answer kao-mpona duration also ka-mpona mpona long d. With nasal accretion ka- occurs in the following derivations: ka-ntisa plants, crop tisa plant ka-ngkorawu mixture korawu mix ka-mpooli result pooli obtain e. ka- occurs in combination with the suffix -a does not occur on its own: ka-dhadhi-a event dhadhi finished, ready ka-ghoti-a dry beach during low tide ghoti low tide ka-ka-pudhi-a request for praise pudhi praise 2. Verbal prefix ae-class, amenable to -um-. a. Base is a simple verb; meaning: unexpectedly; productive: ne-ka-rato arrive unexpectedly rato arrive ne-ka-mate die unexpectedly; swoon mate die ne-ka-rako catch unexpectedly rako catch b. Base is a transitive verb; there is little or no difference in meaning between the basic and the derived verb; unproductive: ne-ka-kolo pickle kolo pickle ne-ka-bhogha chop, cut people bhogha chop ne-ka-logha stab logha stab ne-ka-ntai hang tr + intr ntai hang intr ne-ka-dunsa slaughter, cut up dunsa slaughter, cut up Formally aberrant nasal accretion, other affixes: ne-ka-ntunu burn, roast tunu burn 10 DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY 297 ne-ka-ntafe receive, catch in hand tafe take hold of no-ka-rondo-a be overtaken by the rondo dark night no-ka-ngko-ghae speak while crying ghae cry in a rain-making ceremony

10.2.18. KA--HA