Limitation of the Problem Formulation of the Problem

deixis. The TV distinction from French that contrasts the form used for familiar versus a non-familiar addressee is an example of social deixis. 2 Spatial Deixis Spatial deixis is related to the concept of distance. This type of deixis is used to point to a location where an entity being referred to is in the context. The demonstrative adverbs ‘here’ and ‘there’ are such examples of spatial deixis as well as the demonstrative adjectives ‘this’, ‘that’, ‘these’, and ‘those’. To understand how to use spatial deixis is related to the speaker’s ability to project himself or herself into a location at which he or she is not yet present. A fairly well-known example is the use of “here” on telephone answering machines: “I’m not here at the moment”. Moreover, location from the speaker’s perspective can be fixed mentally as well as physically although it is believed that the basis of spatial deixis is psychological distance. Normally, physical and psychological distance will be treated the same. Physically close objects will generally be treated by the speaker as psychologically close. On the other hand, something that is physically away from the speaker will tend to be treated as psychologically distant. However, sometimes the speaker may wish to treat something that is physically close as psychologically distant. For example, when one sniffs a perfume and says “I don’t like that”. 3 Temporal Deixis The last type of deixis is temporal deixis. This deixis is used to indicate time. ‘Now’, ‘then’, ‘today’, ‘tomorrow’, ‘yesterday’ are examples of temporal deixis. The psychological basis of spatial deixis seems to be at work to mark temporal deixis. Temporal events can be treated as objects that move toward the speaker into view or away from the out of view. For example, the speaker tends to treat the near future as being close to utterance time by using the proximal deictic ‘this’ such as in ‘this weekend’ or ‘this Sunday’. Temporal deixis can also be recognized by the choice of verb tense. For example: a I study linguistics. b I studied linguistics. The present tense designates the use of the proximal form whereas the past tense marks the opposite.

b. Cooperative Principle

Generally, there are some principles that guide people in conversation as the basis for cooperative and helpful communication. These principles are described by Grice 1975: 45 as cited in Wardhaugh2006: 291 as cooperative principle: ‘Make your conversational contribution such is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.’ Grice as cited in Cutting2002: 34-35 elaborates cooperative principle into four maxims; maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of relation and maxim of manner. 1 Maxim of Quantity Maxim of quantity deals with the amount of information that should be delivered by the speaker. The amount of information should be neither too