Cooperative Principle Scopes of Pragmatics
d. Presupposition
According to Griffiths 2006: 143, people use the shared background assumptions about what the interlocutor assumes in interpreting utterances. These shared background belief are described as presuppositions. It is obvious that presuppositions are a part of a common ground between the interlocutors and they are essential to the construction of connected discourse. Shared background beliefs make it easier for the hearer to arrive at the message communicated by the speaker. In line with Griffith, Givon 1979 in Brown and Yule 1983: 29 defines presupposition in terms of assumptions the speaker makes about what the hearer is likely to accept without challenge. Presuppositions are not the same as entailment; something that logically follows from what is asserted in the utterances Yule, 1996: 25. It is the speakers who own presuppositions, not the sentences. Furthermore, Yule 1996: 27 demonstrates the six categories of presuppositions. They are existential presuppositions, factive presuppositions, non-factive presuppositions, lexical presuppositions, structural presuppositions, and counter-factual presuppositions. 1 Existensial Presuppositions These presuppositions deal with the existence of an entity. They can be in the forms of possessive constructions and any definite noun phrase. For example, the word ‘the Queen of England’ indicates that the queen does exist in real life. 2 Factive Presuppositions Factive presuppositions are related to the fact of an entity. These presuppositions can be identified by the verbs ‘know’, ‘realize’, ‘regret’, as well as phrases involving ‘be’ with ‘aware’, ‘odd’ and ‘glad’. 3 Non-Factive Presuppositions Non-factive presuppositions are assumed that the information provided is not true. These are often associated with certain words like ‘dream’, ‘imagine’, and ‘pretend’. 4 Lexical Presuppositions These types of presuppositions use particular expressions to presuppose another non-asserted message. When one says that someone managed to do something, the asserted meaning is that the person succeeds in doing something. The word manage here is asserting ‘succeeded’ and presupposing ‘tried’. The words ‘stop’,‘start’ and ‘again’ also have lexical presuppositions. 5 Structural Presuppositions Structural presuppositions deal with certain sentence structures. For example, the wh-question construction in English presupposes that the information after the wh-form is already known to be the case as in “When did he leave?” That utterance can be interpreted that the information presented is true that he already left. 6 Counter–Factual Presuppositions These presuppositions mean that what is presupposed is in contrast with the facts stated. A conditional structure indicates the counter-factual presupposition. For example, the sentence ‘If it didn’t rain, I would have gone to your house’ is conventionally interpreted that the information stated is not true at the time of the utterance.3. Speech Acts
a. The Definition of Speech Acts
People do not merely create a set of grammatically correct utterances when they speak but they also perform some functions via those utterances. This is the basic idea of speech acts in which people use language to perform actions. As defined by Yule 1966: 47, speech act is an action performed via language. Through speech acts, people can perform a single utterance with more than one act. People can perform requests, commands, apologies, promises and so on. Similar to Yule’s definition, Aitchison 2003: 106 defines speech acts as a sequence of words that behave somewhat like actions. By performing speech acts, the speaker is often trying to achieve some effect with those words; an effect which might in some cases have been accomplished by an alternative action. For example: It is so hot in here. The utterance above can be regarded as a request to turn on the fan or air conditioner. If the hearer recognizes the speaker’s intention, he or she will definitely turn on the fan or the air conditioner. The utterance is obviously influenced by the context or the situation where the interaction takes place. This circumstance is called speech event Yule, 1996: 47. This is the nature of speech event in which it will determine the interpretation of an utterance as performing a particular speech act.Parts
» Identification of the Problems
» Limitation of the Problem Formulation of the Problem
» Objective of the Study Significance of the Study
» Cooperative Principle Scopes of Pragmatics
» Implicature Scopes of Pragmatics
» Presupposition Scopes of Pragmatics
» The Definition of Speech Acts
» Speech Acts Classification Speech Acts
» Direct and Indirect Speech Acts
» Felicity Conditions Speech Acts
» Context of Situation Context
» Classroom Discourse Literature Review
» Theory of Learning Theory of Teaching and Learning
» Theory of Teaching Theory of Teaching and Learning
» Teacher Elements of Teaching and Learning
» Learner Elements of Teaching and Learning
» Task Elements of Teaching and Learning
» Method Elements of Teaching and Learning
» Analytical Construct Conceptual Framework and Analytical Construct
» Research Setting and Time Subjects of the Research
» Source, Form, and Context of the Data Research Instrument
» Techniques of Data Collection
» Data Trustworthiness RESEARCH METHOD
» The Types of Searle’s Speech Acts in Terms of Illocutionary Acts and
» Representatives The Types of Searle’s Speech Acts in Terms of Illocutionary Acts and
» This one? I also don’t know.
» Permainan. Permainan lagi. Cerita atau drama. Game. Game
» Oh, your mom. Good. I agree with you.
» They do lots of things depend on their interest.
» Yes. Attentively. Listen to me attentively.
» Take place means terjadi. M-462013:44-13:45 In which means dimana. S: Dimana. In which
» Permainan? Gobak sodor? Game? Gobak sodor? No.
» Play means drama. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
» Do you still remember the generic structure? Ss: Orientation.
» What is the use of narrative? There are many kinds of narrative, is it right?
» Leo, will you go to the library? S: No.
» Dimas, can you get the attention of the class? S: Attention, please. Let’s pray.
» Start from Indri. Try to catch the words that the speakers are saying.
» Please open your book about the elements of story. Have you
» Do by yourself. Do by yourself. Don’t cheat. Why? I need to pick the score.
» So, for example the voice is so mbrebeki. So, for example, the voice is so noisy.
» Sorry. M-241663:22-63:23 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
» Oh. Did you need the internet connection?
» Oh, the second? Angel is like bakso meatball? Occupation?
» And then what about the others? Why didn’t you need the internet connection like Gita?
» Penonton. Spectator Good, Dimas. M-465726:28-26:29
» Good, Agus. M-215723:26-23:27
» OK. Good. All of you are correct. M-220631:00-31:03 No. OK. Good luck.
» And then what about the others? Pak Bagyo raised many questions but the others just kept silent.
» Yes. For now you can but your own dictionary.
» Conclusions Implications CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS
» Suggestions CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS
» Morning spirit. a Thank you. b After the last meeting, I could not come to the
» Well, last meeting I ask you to do many things. It The materials will be chapter 1 and then you
» Oh I see. You want to erase it? Why? a
» And then? Setting: On Thursday, November
» OK. And then the second one, we have two hours, is
» OK. OK. I understand too. I hope I am
» In English, please. Setting On Thursday, November Fifth October. And then who will use it?
» Yes.19.30. Thirty past nineteen
» Any question? Any question for this? Or Gita. Where have you been, Gita? The list of
» Today, you have to take the team on LPP? On
» Training for what? Setting: On Thursday, November OK. Now, I will give you the paper. And then
» Oh, the second? Angel is like
» OK. Please hold a pencil. Hold a pencil to make the No. No. No? Setting: On Thursday, November
» OK. Dialogue two. a Which one? So, there are
» And then go to page forty five. Page forty five,
» The last forty seven. Forty seven yes. There The score will be fifty. You can pay attention to
» Who will go to the library? To borrow the
» So, Nisa, what number are you? What number were you when you were in junior
» Only the answer but in a complete sentence. Just say peminatan. I don’t know because in
» How are you now? How are you? OK. L et’s go to the
» Describing people and things. Yes. OK. So, we will plan the listening again. Why?
» I will tell you the trick on how to do the listening.
» Yes or no? Setting: On Thursday, November Understand? Dimas, do you understand
» OK. And the hardest is part four. The hardest And then, now, prepare your book. a
» This one, e to repeat part two because the pictures
» Start from Indri. Try to catch the words that the What? Setting: On Thursday, November
» What the students? Setting: On Thursday, November
» What the students do? Setting: On Thursday, November Activity what? Setting: On Thursday, November
» On the? Setting: On Thursday, November
» Something missing here. This could be one word
» They do? Setting: On Thursday, November Inten, Tri Inten Setting: On Thursday, November
» Interest. There must be a preposition there. They do lots of things depend on their interest.
» Yuli. Setting: On Thursday, November OK. I like playing badminton.
» Very good. Setting: On Thursday, November What does the woman do?
» Leo, doing a lot of things. I see. You are trapped
» And then, Yuli, what is your answer?
» Now, number two belongs to Leo. When you have been? When you have been?
» So, where have you been, Lucy? Go, Agus. Setting: On Thursday, November
» Festival in Yogyakarta. Setting: On Thursday, November What happened with Agus?
» For? Setting: On Thursday, November
» It has been? Setting: On Thursday, November About two months? Setting: On Thursday, November
» Apri Setting: On Thursday, November OK. Good. a How is your family? b
» Marry? Setting: On Thursday, November Marry, my sister, Marry? Setting: On Thursday, November
» Dio. Dio. Setting: On Thursday, November Dyah Setting: On Thursday, November
» Two months. Raise your hand if you have wrong OK. Good. All of you are correct. So, we go to the
» Huda. Listen to it. Setting: On Thursday, November
» And then. Sorry, I forget your name. a We go for Dyah. Setting: On Thursday, November
» You can catch those words circling the
» D? Ah, you get trapped. Setting: On Thursday, November
» Which one? Which one? B or the B above?
» And then C? Setting: On Thursday, November
» Boulevard. And then E? Setting: On Thursday, November Sholat? Setting: On Thursday, November
» Ayu. Setting: On Thursday, November Good. In the field is also good.
» What is it? Where? Setting: On Thursday, November Where did you spend your holiday last semester?
» Do you want to have the name Gita? So, your turn, Gita. Setting: On Thursday, November
» We go for Agus. Are you ready? Had? Setting: On Thursday, November
» Once again. Once again, Agus.
» B for the answer. Who got different picture?
» And then B? Setting: On Thursday, November Big Ben. Setting: On Thursday, November
» This one? I also don’t Yes. Hanifa. Setting: On Thursday, November
» Uhuh. Setting: On Thursday, November OK. Just listen once more
» The only moveable bridge. What is it Yuli. Setting: On Thursday, November
» Yes. Crossing the Thames. Mega. Setting: On Thursday, November When it was completed in? a
» Sir? It is the name. Sir Johannes John.
» Sir Wolf Terry built it. So, the designer is Sir Terry. Setting: On Thursday, November
» Yes looking at the book Oh, I see. OK. One hundred? Setting: On Thursday, November
» Until what number? Setting: On Thursday, November Seven? Setting: On Thursday, November
» Oh, Hesti. Setting: On Thursday, November Dyah. Setting: On Thursday, November
» Ayu. Setting: On Thursday, November Will be? Setting: On Thursday, November
» Available? Setting: On Thursday, November Khofifah. Setting: On Thursday, November
» Ya. Dyah. Setting: On Thursday, November Arifah. Setting: On Thursday, November
» C. On time. Setting: On Thursday, November Hesti. Setting: On Thursday, November
» Indri. Setting: On Thursday, November Amalia. Setting: On Thursday, November
» OK. Good. Setting: On Thursday, November Widya. Setting: On Thursday, November
» Huda. Setting: On Thursday, November OK. Agus. Setting: On Thursday, November
» OK. We go to Hanifa. Setting: On Thursday, November She is sick. Setting: On Thursday, November
» When will it take? Setting: On Thursday, November What is it? Setting: On Thursday, November
» OK. Thirteen. And then Amaliana? And then, Angelina Tandi?
» Dimas? Setting: On Thursday, November Fifteen. Good. Setting: On Thursday, November
» Twelve. Setting: On Thursday, November Dyah Ayu? Setting: On Thursday, November
» Hanifa? Setting: On Thursday, November How many? Setting: On Thursday, November
» Fourteen? Setting: On Thursday, November
» Kintan? Setting: On Thursday, November Mega? Setting: On Thursday, November
» Nur Muslihin? Setting: On Thursday, November Nuriza? Setting: On Thursday, November
» Widya? Setting: On Thursday, November Your ears are good. a And then for the next
» Thank you. See you next week. Morning spirit, class. Setting: On Thursday, January 22,
» Oh, Amaliana. Where is Amaliana?
» So tomorrow is Saturday. It means that tomorrow
» And then? Setting: On Thursday, January 22, Events. One, two, three, four, five.
» And? And the last is? Setting: On Thursday, January 22, Yes. Setting: On Thursday, January 22,
» And then after that, you translate into English. If
» Kintan? Setting: On Thursday, January 29,
» Well, last meeting we miss our time because we And then? Setting: On Thursday, January 29,
» They stayed at Puskesmas. Gita, what are you doing? Setting: On Thursday, January 29,
» How many hours Pak Eko? Two hours. Ya, two hours. Why didn’t you
» Oh, idol, your idol. So, the idol of Gita needs
» Kemal Palevi. How do you know Kemal Palevi? So, you know by Setting: On Thursday, January 29,
» In the di rumah. At home. Setting: On Thursday, January 29,
» So, give me the reason why. Give me the reason
» So, only Kintan and Mega got the point of Oh, I see. You were sick at that time. That’s OK,
» And then what about the others? Pak Bagyo raised What is the use of narrative? There are
» To retell? Setting: On Thursday, January 29, To entertain the readers. To entertain the readers
» OK. Audience. Setting: On Thursday, January 29,
» Complication and then? Setting: On Thursday, January 29,
» OK. Past continuous. And then?
» Yes. Past future tense. Setting: On Thursday, January 29, And then how many elements in narrative?
» What is tokoh in English? Setting: On Thursday, January 29,
» What else? Setting: On Thursday, January 29,
» Please open your book about the elements of What page is it? Setting: On Thursday, January 29,
» Have you changed the position of seating? Based Setting. Affan, please read for me. Not for me,
» In which means dimana. Setting: On Thursday, January 29, Take place. Sinonimnya apa? What is the
» Happen. What else? Setting: On Thursday, January 29, You said o? Setting: On Thursday, January 29,
» Permainan? Gobak sodor? Game? Gobak Play means drama. Setting: On Thursday, January 29,
» Permainan. Permainan lagi. Cerita atau drama. There are five essential. What is essential?
» Make a note. Setting: On Thursday, January 29,
» Essential parts of plot. Ada lima bagian penting
» Characterization is the information the author
» Point of view is defined as the angle, not angel. Innocent eye. Apa itu? What is it?
» Ya. Aku. Jadi keakuannya. Maka I. The
» And then omniscience. Omniscience. I don’t There are two main types of omniscient point of
» This one, some simple example of common Believe in yourself.
» So do I. I like Bruno Mars especially when the
» OK . I’ll give you fifteen Eh, manusia sampah? Pemulung, is it right?
» Semuanya kerjakan ya. Everyone please do it
» OK. I will divide you into some groups. A group Group one belongs to Dini, Mega. Group two
» Group one, please you understand and then tell
» Group ten. Setting: On Thursday, January 29, Ok. Thank you. a That’s a very good story
» Love always demands sacrifice. The theme is
» The Nightingale. a Yes. Life becomes the
» OK. Good. Next, group eight: The Death of
» Destiny about? Destiny? Setting: On Thursday, January 29,
» The time is over. a Setting: On Thursday, January 29,
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