Analytical Construct Conceptual Framework and Analytical Construct

No Code Data Context Types of Illocutionary Acts 1 M-10100:16- 00:18 Rep Dir Exp Com Dec Note: M-1 : Number of meeting Re : Representatives 01 : Number of data Dir : Directives 00:16- Exp : Expressives 00:18 : Minute Com : Commissives Dec : Declaration

C. Techniques of Data Collection

The data were obtained using a technique, namely observation. According to McMillan and Schumacher 2010, observation is a way for the researcher to see and hear what is occurring naturally in the research site. The observation was conducted together with the audio-video recording process. The data was recorded using a handy-cam. Some procedures were then followed after conducting the observation. The steps are as follows: 1. listening to the recording and trying to understand the utterances performed by the teacher; 2. transcribing the data into the written form; 3. listening to the recording again to check the accuracy of the data; 4. selecting the data from the recording which are in accordance with the objectives of the study; 5. recording the data into the data sheets; and 6. classifying the data.

D. Techniques of Data Analysis

This study adopted the framework developed by Miles and Huberman 1994: 10 to describe the procedures of data analysis. The data analysis consists of three streams of activity: data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing and verification. 1. Data Reduction Data reduction is concerned with the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, reducing, and organizing the data that has been collected. At this stage, the data that has been obtained were organized and the irrelevant data were discarded. This was done through the process of coding; the process of labeling and segmenting units of meaning to the descriptive or inferential information compiled during the study. The purpose is to help the researcher in organizing and classifying the data. The process of coding is as follows: a. the data were carefully read; b. the data related to the objectives of the study were identified and selected; and c. each datum was assigned a code. 2. Data Display Data display deals with providing an organized, compressed, assembly of information that allows conclusion drawing. A display can be in the form of texts, graphs, diagrams, charts, matrices, or other graphical formats. In this study, the data were presented in the form of table and descriptions. 3. Conclusion Drawing and Verification Conclusion drawing involves moving back to consider what the analyzed data mean and to assess whether the data findings fit the objectives of the study. At this stage, the data that has been analyzed were read and re-read to develop the conclusions regarding the study. The conclusions, then, were verified by revisiting the data as many times as necessary. Verification was also enhanced by conducting peer checking and consultation with the supervisors.

E. Data Trustworthiness

Validating the result of the research is important in any type of research for influencing the findings and the analysis. If the data are not valid, thus, the analysis is not reliable. According to Lodico, Dean and Katherine 2010: 169 the criteria to evaluate qualitative study include credibility, dependability, conformability and transferability. This research, however, only used credibility, dependability, and conformability as tools to check the trustworthiness of the data. Credibility refers to whether the participants’ perceptions of the settings or events match up with the researcher’s portrayal of them in the research report Lodico, Dean and Katherine, 2010: 169. The credibility was enhanced by discussing how the information provided by the data sources was compared through triangulation technique to verify the conclusions. The sources were utterances uttered by the English teacher of grade X IBB of SMA N 1 Purworejo in the English teaching-learning process. Meanwhile, the theories of pragmatics, speech acts, teaching and learning are referred in this study.